(4.1) IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of performing a wash in laboratory tests?

To change the pH of the solution

To increase the concentration of solutions

To remove excess binding and particles (correct)

To enhance the visibility of antigens

How is sensitivity defined in the context of a diagnostic test?

The probability that the test will be positive in a patient who has the disease (correct)

The probability that the test will be negative in a patient who has the disease

The ability of the test to correctly identify patients without the disease

The measure of how well the test can distinguish between two different diseases

What does the term avidity refer to in antibody interaction?

The specific affinity of an antibody for a single epitope

The speed at which an antibody binds to an antigen

The overall strength of interaction due to multiple binding sites (correct)

The likelihood of a false positive result in testing

In a precipitation reaction, what occurs in the zone of antibody excess?

Small soluble complexes are formed without precipitation Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin molecule is preferred for testing due to its high valence and avidity?

IgM Signup and view all the answers

What are the two critical metrics in evaluating the reliability of a diagnostic test?

Sensitivity and specificity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of preliminary immunological tests?

To quantify levels of antibodies present Signup and view all the answers

In the context of antibody-antigen interactions, what is a primary concern when interpreting test results?

Evaluating how affinity relates to the concentration of antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the three zones in the precipitin reaction?

They indicate the range of antigen concentration for effective diagnostics. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would necessitate using a qualitative test instead of a quantitative test?

Determining if a certain allergen triggers an immediate immune response Signup and view all the answers

What does sensitivity measure in a diagnostic test?

The probability the test will yield a positive result in a person with the disease Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a false positive outcome in a diagnostic test?

The test incorrectly identifies a patient as having the disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about specificity is true?

It reflects the test's ability to correctly identify healthy individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components are used to calculate sensitivity and specificity?

Observed outcomes in a 2 × 2 table Signup and view all the answers

What is a true negative outcome in a diagnostic test?

Test fails to detect the condition when it is absent Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand the reliability of a test before diagnosis or treatment?

It helps in understanding likely patient outcomes Signup and view all the answers

How can false negative results affect patient diagnosis?

They may indicate the disease is absent when it is present Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily disrupted during agglutination of particulate antigens?

The homogeneity of the suspension Signup and view all the answers

Which assay method is NOT typically associated with soluble antigens?

Indirect agglutination Signup and view all the answers

In indirect agglutination, which component is used to facilitate cross-linking?

Anti-immunoglobulin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios represents an example of hemagglutination?

Clumping of erythrocytes due to an antibody reaction Signup and view all the answers

Which method is primarily used for quantifying epitopes by/using antibodies?

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity is assessed through allergy skin testing?

Type I hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which component is leveraged in radioimmunoassay for quantifying substances?

Radioactive isotopes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques can be used for both particulate and soluble antigens?

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of IgM antibodies in direct agglutination?

They efficiently cross-link epitopes on adjacent particles. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is described when too much antibody inhibits agglutination?

Prozone effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using serial dilutions of antibody in agglutination reactions?

To prevent the prozone effect. Signup and view all the answers

In indirect agglutination, what enhances the sensitivity of detecting low concentrations of antibodies?

Adding a secondary antibody reagent. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'titer' refer to in the context of agglutination?

The highest dilution ratio that still causes agglutination. Signup and view all the answers

What are soluble antigens expected to do during a quantitative precipitin reaction?

Precipitate from solution upon interaction with the appropriate antibody concentration. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT commonly used for visualization of immune precipitates?

Western blotting Signup and view all the answers

Why might human antibodies not directly agglutinate antigen-bearing particles?

Their structure may prevent direct interaction with the particles. Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical outcome when a quantitative precipitin reaction is performed?

Variability in precipitate formation due to different antibody concentrations. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture Location Change

Lecture will be held in the professor's office today.
Audio/video equipment more reliable in the office.

Office Hours

Tuesday 4:00 PM - 5:00 PM - Virtual
Thursday 4:00 PM - 5:00 PM - In person (location 316J)

Course Information

Current module: Immunology Techniques
Wednesday's lecture: Vaccines
Thursday's lecture: Immuno techniques
Friday: Exam

Personal

Professor will be out of town at a wedding Thursday morning and Monday.
Email or campus messaging best for contact.

Assignments

Review paper due Monday (documentary analysis) - 2-page double-spaced.

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Stay informed about the latest updates for the Immunology Techniques module. This includes changes in lecture location, office hours, and important assignment deadlines. Make sure to prepare for the upcoming exam and review the necessary materials.