Immunology and Vaccines Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of inactivated whole agent vaccines?

They are made by inactivating microbes using formalin. (correct)

They only provide immunity to multiple diseases.

They are ineffective against any diseases.

They are only used for viral infections.

What distinguishes conjugated vaccines from polysaccharide vaccines?

Conjugated vaccines are not used in adults.

Conjugated vaccines can only protect against one disease.

Conjugated vaccines are derived from live pathogens.

Conjugated vaccines contain polysaccharides linked to proteins. (correct)

Which type of vaccine contains purified proteins from pathogens?

Recombinant vaccines

Polysaccharide vaccines

Subunit vaccines (correct)

Inactivated whole agent vaccines

What is a reason why polysaccharide vaccines cannot be used in the immunization of young children?

They are ineffective at eliciting a strong immune response in that age group. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these vaccines is an example of a recombinant vaccine?

Hepatitis B vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of direct immunoassays?

The specific antibody is directly labeled by a tag. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about indirect immunoassays?

Only the secondary antibody is labeled with a tag. Signup and view all the answers

What type of materials can be used as tags in labeled antibody immunoassays?

Fluorescent dyes can serve as tags. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an immunoassay that relies on the formation of visible antigen-antibody aggregates?

It does not involve a tagging process. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the secondary antibody play in indirect immunoassays?

It is labeled by a tag. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disease that the Salk polio vaccine protects against?

Paralytic polio Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of introducing the Sabin attenuated vaccine in 1963?

Reduced the number of paralytic polio cases reported. Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the outbreak of poliomyelitis in the former USSR from 1991 to 1996?

Lapse in immunization of the general public. Signup and view all the answers

What does herd immunity indicate in relation to polio outbreaks?

It helps control outbreaks by protecting the population as a whole. Signup and view all the answers

What was the status of paralytic polio cases in the USA after 1998?

No cases were reported. Signup and view all the answers

What observation was made regarding Americans with higher education regarding vaccinations?

They are more likely to recognize high benefits and low risks of vaccines. Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable limitation of the Salk inactivated vaccine (IPV)?

It allows for the possibility of virus spread despite immunization. Signup and view all the answers

What was the highest estimated number of infected individuals for malaria depicted in the study?

500,000,000 Signup and view all the answers

What does an immunoassay primarily rely on to detect or quantify substances in a sample?

Specific antigen-antibody interaction Signup and view all the answers

What does a titer of antibody expressed as 1:128 indicate?

The antibody can be diluted up to 128 times and still show a reactivity Signup and view all the answers

Why is serum commonly used as a source for specific antibodies in immunoassays?

It is the fluid part remaining after blood cells and clot have been removed. Signup and view all the answers

What does sero-conversion refer to in the context of immunoassays?

The appearance of specific antibody due to an immune response. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the significance of antibody dilution in determining titer?

The last dilution where a reaction is detected defines the titer concentration. Signup and view all the answers

In which situation would plasma be used instead of serum in an immunoassay?

When it is necessary to prevent blood clot formation using anticoagulants. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding sensitive methods in immunoassays?

More sensitive methods may detect lower antibody titers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal role of immunoassays in medical diagnostics?

To detect or quantify antigens or antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a bactericidal antimicrobial medication?

It kills the microbe directly. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of broad-spectrum drugs?

They affect both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

How does a synergistic effect influence the combination of antimicrobial medications?

It enhances the effectiveness of the combined drugs. Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential adverse effect of antimicrobial drugs?

Toxic effects and allergic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What does intrinsic resistance refer to in the context of antimicrobials?

Built-in resistance mechanisms of certain bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What role does metabolism and excretion play in the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial drugs?

They define the drug's half-life. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common target for bactericidal antimicrobial medications?

Folic acid synthesis enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of antimicrobial effect, what does an antagonistic effect imply?

Combination makes the treatment less effective. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Ciprofloxacin?

Inhibition of DNA synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the spectrum of activity for Ciprofloxacin?

Broad-spectrum, effective against various types of bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What side effect is associated with the use of Ciprofloxacin?

Cardiac arrhythmia Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is specifically effective against Gram-positive bacteria?

Daptomycin Signup and view all the answers

How does Rifampin inhibit RNA synthesis?

By binding to RNA polymerase and preventing transcription initiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the spectrum of activity for Polymyxin?

Narrow-spectrum, effective against Gram-negative bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding Fluroquinolones is true?

They inhibit DNA synthesis by targeting topoisomerases. Signup and view all the answers

What are common side effects associated with Rifampin?

Hepatitis and flu-like symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 8: Microbes & Humans

Course: Bio 420 (Microbiology)
Date: 7/26/2024
Textbook: Anderson et al., Nester's Microbiology: A Human Perspective, 10th Edition, 2020
Lecture topics: Chapters 17 (Applications of Immune Responses) and 20 (Antimicrobial Medications)

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Required Assignments for Lecture 8

Smart Book 8: 5 points
Open book policy
1 attempt per question
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Submit "As Is" by the deadline
Deadlines are also in the syllabus, Connect, and BrightSpace. The deadline is the beginning of the next lecture

Chapter 17: Applications of Immune Responses

Naturally acquired active immunity: Infection induces antibody production (long-term).
Naturally acquired passive immunity: Antibodies transferred from mother to child (short-term).
Artificially acquired active immunity: Vaccination triggers antibody production (long-term).
Artificially acquired passive immunity: Antibody injection (short-term).

Chapter 20: Antimicrobial Medications

Selective toxicity: Antimicrobial medications selectively harm microbes without harming the host.
History: Early antimicrobial compounds developed, increasingly targeting specific bacterial components or processes (e.g., cell wall, protein synthesis). Salvarsan (arsenic compound, early 1900s) and Prontosil (red dye that metabolizes to sulfanilamide, 1930s).
Antimicrobial medications: Include antibiotics (produced by bacteria or fungi) and other compounds that stop microbial growth or kill microbes.

Additional Notes

Specific examples of various types of vaccines and antimicrobial medications, including their mechanism of action, and potential side effects are discussed in subsequent pages.
Various infectious diseases, their resistance to antibiotics, and public health strategies for effective treatment are outlined.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various vaccine types and immunoassays with this comprehensive quiz. Explore the differences between inactivated whole agent vaccines, conjugated vaccines, and more. This quiz also covers the roles of antibodies in immunological testing and significant historical vaccines.