Vaccines and Immunology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which vaccine type utilizes a weakened form of the disease-causing organism?

  • Subcellular
  • Toxoid
  • Inactivated
  • Attenuated (correct)

Which of the following vaccines involves a naturally occurring, living organism?

  • Pertussis
  • Measles
  • Smallpox (correct)
  • Hepatitis B

Which of the following is an example of a vaccine made from a bacterial antigen?

  • Pertussis (correct)
  • Tetanus
  • Polio (Salk)
  • Meningococcal

Which type of vaccine uses inactivated toxins to stimulate an immune response?

<p>Toxoid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these vaccines confers life long immunity?

<p>Measles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine type utilizes a natural, living organism?

<p>Small pox (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines uses an attenuated organism?

<p>Polio (Sabin) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antigen preparation is used in the Meningococcal vaccine?

<p>Intact, non-living organism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines relies on surface antigen fragments?

<p>Tetanus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is conferred by live attenuated viral vaccines?

<p>Life long immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is used for the Tetanus Toxoid vaccine?

<p>Intramuscular (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What volume is recommended for the DTP vaccine?

<p>0.5 ml (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what region should the BCG vaccine be administered to an infant?

<p>Right deltoid region of the arm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of live attenuated vaccines?

<p>Reversion to wild type can lead to disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an intact but non-living organism used as an antigenic preparation?

<p>Virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between active and passive immunization?

<p>Active immunization stimulates the body to produce antibodies, while passive immunization involves the administration of exogenous antibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the measles vaccine typically administered at 9 months of age?

<p>To avoid interference from high concentrations of maternal antibodies present in early infancy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is most likely to induce mucosal IgA antibody production?

<p>Oral (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do live attenuated vaccines typically provide longer-lasting immunity compared to inactivated vaccines?

<p>Live attenuated vaccines stimulate a more comprehensive immune response, including cellular immunity and immunological memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of vaccine handling is crucial for maintaining the potency, especially for live attenuated vaccines?

<p>Maintaining the cold chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended minimum age for administering the first dose of a DTP-containing vaccine?

<p>6 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect specifically associated with the BCG vaccine?

<p>Kochs phenomenon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum interval recommended between the first and second doses of the Hepatitis B vaccine (excluding the birth dose)?

<p>4 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For individuals older than one year, what is the minimum interval recommended between dose 2 and dose 3 of a DTP-containing vaccine?

<p>6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the national immunization days implemented?

<p>Conducted for polio and measles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which vaccines provide immunity?

<p>Stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic that distinguishes live attenuated vaccines from inactivated vaccines?

<p>Live attenuated vaccines replicate in the body, mimicking a natural infection, while inactivated vaccines do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of adjuvants in some vaccines?

<p>To enhance the immune response to the vaccine antigen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential disadvantage associated with live attenuated vaccines?

<p>They pose a risk of reversion to a virulent form in rare cases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using mRNA vaccines compared to traditional vaccine approaches?

<p>mRNA vaccines can be developed and produced more rapidly than traditional vaccines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is an absolute contraindication for the administration of the BCG vaccine?

<p>Symptomatic AIDS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended storage temperature range for the DPT vaccine?

<p>2°C to 8°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child experiences encephalopathy within 5 days of receiving a DPT vaccine dose that is not attributable to another cause. According to the guidelines, what is the next appropriate step?

<p>The DPT vaccine is contraindicated for this child. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cold chain' refer to in the context of vaccine management?

<p>The process of maintaining optimal temperature conditions during the transport, storage, and handling of vaccines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if a child presents with diarrhea on the day that they are scheduled to receive OPV?

<p>Administer the OPV, record it, and repeat the dose in 4 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended interval between the first and second doses of the Polio OPV vaccine in infants?

<p>4 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, superficial injection of which vaccine is most likely to cause an injection site abscess a week later?

<p>DPT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is generally NOT considered a contraindication for vaccination?

<p>Mild acute illness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes encephalopathy for the Measles vaccine, per 100,000 vaccinations?

<p>0.1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient is 3 years old and needs the Polio OPV vaccine, what is the recommended number of doses?

<p>2 doses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the table suggest is the most common cause of side effects related to the DPT vaccine?

<p>Pertussis component (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which vaccine is symptomatic AIDS a listed contraindication?

<p>BCG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential major side effect associated with the Measles vaccine?

<p>Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Living organism vaccine example

A vaccine derived from a living but weakened pathogen, such as the Smallpox vaccine.

Attenuated vaccines

Vaccines made from live organisms that have been weakened, like Measles and Polio (Sabin).

Inactivated virus vaccine

A type of vaccine using viruses that are killed or inactive, such as Polio (Salk).

Capsular disaccharide vaccines

Vaccines made from sub-cellular structures, like the Meningococcal vaccine.

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Toxoid vaccines

Vaccines created using inactivated toxins produced by bacteria, such as Tetanus and Diphtheria.

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Types of Antigen

Different categories of antigens used in vaccines.

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Living Organism Vaccine

Vaccines made from live microorganisms, either natural or attenuated.

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Non-living Organisms in Vaccines

Vaccines derived from intact but non-living organisms, such as viruses or bacteria.

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Toxoids

Inactivated toxins used in vaccines to stimulate immunity without disease.

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Vaccination

The administration of a vaccine or toxoid to prevent disease.

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Active Immunization

Stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies and cellular response using a vaccine.

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Passive Immunization

Temporary protection via exogenous antibodies or maternal antibodies.

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Determinants of Immune Response

Factors influencing how well a vaccine works, including age and genetics.

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Cold Chain

System to maintain vaccine potency through refrigeration.

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Natural Antigen

Antigens derived from live, attenuated organisms that simulate infection.

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Live Attenuated Vaccines

Vaccines that use weakened pathogens; one dose usually confers lifelong immunity.

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Reversion to Wild Type

Potential transformation of an attenuated vaccine back to its virulent form, causing disease.

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DTP Vaccine Dosage

Administered as 0.5 ml intramuscularly into the thigh.

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BCG Vaccine Administration

0.05-0.1 ml intradermally in the right deltoid for infants.

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Vaccine type based on weakened pathogens

A vaccine that uses live but weakened pathogens, stimulating an immune response without causing the disease.

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Vaccines from killed viruses

Vaccines that use viruses that have been completely killed or rendered inactive to prompt immunity.

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Sub-cellular structure vaccines

Vaccines that are derived from parts of the pathogen rather than the whole organism, used to trigger an immune response.

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Inactivated toxins vaccines

Vaccines made from toxins that have been rendered inactive, designed to elicit an immune response.

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Live organisms vs. Inactivated viruses

Contrast between vaccines made from live weakened organisms and those made from inactive viruses.

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Kochs phenomenon

Self-limiting inflammatory reaction occurring four days post-BCG vaccination.

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Indolent ulcer

Persistent ulcer over 12 weeks post-BCG, typically from injection or infection.

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Deep abscess

Abscess at injection site or draining lymph nodes from BCG vaccination.

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Minimum interval between doses

Specified time periods required between vaccinations for effectiveness.

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Paralytic polio from OPV

Rare occurrence of polio caused by the vaccine strain in OPV.

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Polio OPV Schedule

Administered at 6 weeks, then 4 weeks apart for 3 doses.

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Rotavirus Vaccine Schedule

Given at 6 weeks, then 4 weeks apart for 2 doses.

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PCV Schedule

Administered at 6 weeks, followed by 4-week intervals for 3 doses.

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Measles Vaccine Schedule

First dose at 9 months, followed by a second dose 4 weeks later.

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DPT Major Side Effects

Potential severe effects include encephalopathy, convulsions, and permanent brain damage.

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General Vaccine Contraindications

Includes anaphylactic reactions and moderate to severe illness.

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BCG Contraindication

Not recommended for individuals with symptomatic AIDS.

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Polio OPV Age Limitation

Not recommended for individuals older than 2 years old.

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OPV contraindications

Severe immune suppression is a contraindication for OPV; diarrhea is not.

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DPT contraindications

Encephalopathy within 7 days or poorly controlled seizures are contraindications for DPT.

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Cold Chain importance

Cold Chain ensures vaccines are stored and transported under optimal conditions to maintain effectiveness.

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EPI storage temperatures

Vaccines have specific storage temperatures; Oral polio and Measles: -15°C to 25°C, DPT and BCG: 2°C to 8°C.

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Study Notes

Types of Antigen Preparations

  • Living organisms (Natural): Small pox vaccine, Polio (Sabin), OPV, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, BCG, and Polio (Salk)
  • Living organisms (Attenuated):* Examples include Small pox vaccine, Polio (Sabin), OPV, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, BCG, and Polio (Salk)
  • Virus (In the intact form but non-living organisms): Pertussis
  • Bacteria (In the intact form but non-living organisms): Pertussis
  • Subcellular fragments: Capsular disaccharide, Surface antigen
  • Toxoids: Tetanus, diphtheria

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