patho test 2
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential consequence of rising intrathoracic pressure during cardiovascular collapse?

  • Improved oxygenation
  • Increased venous return
  • Enhanced cardiac output
  • Hypotension and shock (correct)

    • Which factor is NOT part of Virchow's Triad that predisposes an individual to pulmonary embolism?

  • Increased physical activity (correct)
  • Endothelial cell injury
  • Venous stasis
  • Hypercoagulability

    • What is the mean pulmonary artery pressure that indicates pulmonary artery hypertension at rest?

  • 35 mmHg
  • 20 mmHg
  • 30 mmHg
  • 25 mmHg (correct)

    • What type of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) has no known cause and may have a genetic component?

    <p>Idiopathic PAH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change in pulmonary arteries leads to increased pressure in the right side of the heart?

    <p>Vascular remodeling and constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic that differentiates asthma from COPD?

    <p>Asthma is associated with eosinophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily involved in the late asthmatic response?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of COPD?

    <p>Noxious agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to airway scarring in the late asthmatic response?

    <p>Reduced Treg cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of COPD?

    <p>Symptoms are progressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Frequent mucus production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which finding is typical in patients with emphysema?

    <p>Prolonged expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological change occurs during the early asthmatic response?

    <p>Increased capillary permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if the late asthmatic response is left untreated?

    <p>Airway remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is fluid present in the pleural space?

    <p>Pleural effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary clinical manifestation of hemothorax?

    <p>Sudden onset of chest pain and dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of empyema is characterized by thick fibrin deposits and pus?

    <p>Fibrinopurulent Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an appropriate initial treatment for a patient with hemothorax?

    <p>Chest tube insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of empyema?

    <p>Hypovolemic shock signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom indicates a potential progression of untreated empyema?

    <p>Altered mental status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of empyema does pleural thickening and lung entrapment begin to occur?

    <p>Organizing Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be initiated to treat the underlying infection in empyema?

    <p>Antibiotic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of hemothorax that indicates the need for urgent care?

    <p>Coughing up blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key treatment option for chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Bronchodilators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis?

    <p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication may arise from untreated empyema?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of airway obstruction in emphysema?

    <p>Changes in lung tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical finding might indicate the presence of loculated pockets of fluid in empyema?

    <p>Dullness to percussion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom associated with status asthmaticus?

    <p>Expiratory wheezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is specifically used during an acute asthma attack to relieve bronchoconstriction?

    <p>Short-acting beta-agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during bronchoconstriction in an asthma attack?

    <p>Contraction of smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition accounts for approximately 1% of emphysema cases?

    <p>Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Hypertrophy of smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate initial management for small empyemas in the early exudative stage?

    <p>Thoracentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapeutic agent is used in fibrinolytic therapy for loculated empyema?

    <p>Tissue plasminogen activator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surgical intervention may be necessary for severe empyema cases?

    <p>Open thoracotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical manifestation is typically observed in a tension pneumothorax?

    <p>Cyanosis in severe cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological change occurs first with the onset of tension pneumothorax?

    <p>Air trapping in the pleural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication arises from the progressive accumulation of air in tension pneumothorax?

    <p>Compression of the affected lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the mediastinum as pressure increases in a tension pneumothorax?

    <p>It pushes to the opposite side of the chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly observed in patients with a tension pneumothorax?

    <p>Jugular vein distension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which air enters the pleural space in tension pneumothorax?

    <p>Through a ruptured pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What heart-related complication can result from mediastinal shift in tension pneumothorax?

    <p>Decreased venous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

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