Patho 2: test 1 Tissue Pathology of Cancer ppt
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes a malignant tumor from a benign tumor?

  • Tendency to invade normal tissue (correct)
  • Rate of growth
  • Size of the tumor
  • Presence of a capsule

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of benign tumors?

  • Highly metastatic
  • Well demarcated with a capsule (correct)
  • Rapidly growing with hemorrhage and necrosis
  • Poorly differentiated

    • What is the term used to describe the loss of differentiation in malignant tumors?

  • Neoplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Anaplasia (correct)
  • Hyperplasia

    • What is the suffix used to name benign tumors?

    <p>-oma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor in the classification of cancer?

    <p>Tissue and organ of origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of benign endocrine tumors?

    <p>Overproduction of hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of breast cancer cases in the US that are inherited?

    <p>5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the autosomal dominant mutation associated with hereditary breast cancer?

    <p>BRCA1 on chromosome 17</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer for women with BRCA1 mutations?

    <p>50-80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancers are associated with the BRCA1 mutation?

    <p>Breast, ovarian, colon, and prostate cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes?

    <p>DNA repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of colorectal cancer in people with one affected first-degree relative?

    <p>2-3 times higher than the general population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the autosomal dominant syndrome associated with colorectal cancer?

    <p>Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the APC gene in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)?

    <p>Tumor suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifetime risk of colorectal cancer in individuals with Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of inheritance of Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)?

    <p>Autosomal dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer originates from epithelial tissues?

    <p>Carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the accumulation of genetic mutations that can lead to cancer?

    <p>Progression to Malignancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a premalignant condition characterized by abnormal cell growth and atypia?

    <p>Dysplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer arises from mesenchymal tissue?

    <p>Sarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a preinvasive epithelial tumor that has not penetrated the local basement membrane?

    <p>Carcinoma in situ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of functions and interactions of all the genes in the genome?

    <p>Genomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer is caused by genetic changes that happen in somatic cells?

    <p>Sporadic cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a strong cancer gene that is inherited through a germ cell line?

    <p>Hereditary mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for multiple family members with the same cancer, but the cause is unknown?

    <p>Familial cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the gene-environment-host interaction that leads to disease?

    <p>Genomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tissue Pathology of Cancer

    • Neoplasm/Tumor: The formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue
    • Malignant: A tumor that tends to invade normal tissue or recur after removal; characterized by rapid growth, hemorrhage, necrosis, local invasiveness, and metastasis
    • Benign: A slow-growing tumor that is non-invasive and does not metastasize; characterized by small size, well-demarcated borders, slow growth, non-invasiveness, and well-differentiated cells

    Cancer Classification

    • Based on:
      • Tissue and organ of origin
      • Extent of distribution (stages)
      • Microscopic appearance of the malignant tumor
      • Critical genetic changes in cancer cells

    Benign Tumors

    • Usually:
      • Encapsulated
      • Well demarcated
      • Well-organized stroma
      • Do not invade beyond their capsule
      • Do not spread to regional lymph nodes
    • Named for the tissues where they arise with the suffix "-oma" (e.g., leiomyoma, lipoma)
    • Can still cause symptoms if very large, block blood flow, or compress normal tissue
    • Benign endocrine tumors can lead to overproduction of hormones

    Malignant Tumors

    • Characteristics:
      • Rapid cell growth rate (high mitotic activity)
      • Loss of differentiation (anaplasia)
      • Absence of normal tissue organization
      • Increased vascularity
      • Lack a capsule and can invade surrounding tissues
      • Can metastasize to regional lymph nodes
    • Named according to the cell type from which they originate (e.g., carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, leukemias)

    Progression to Malignancy

    • Cancers develop incrementally as they accumulate genetic mutations
    • Careful surveillance can detect atypical cells or abnormal growth before progression to malignancy
    • Dysplasia:
      • A premalignant condition
      • Can range from mild to severe (low grade to high grade)
      • Histologic features:
        • Increased cell growth
        • Increased cellular atypia
      • Common sites: mouth mucosa, tongue, cervix, bladder, stomach, colon, breast, skin

    Carcinoma In Situ (CIS)

    • Preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin
    • Localized to the epithelium and have not penetrated the local basement membrane or invaded the surrounding stroma
    • Histological features:
      • Altered cell growth
      • Cytologic atypia
      • Altered differentiation
    • Common sites: cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and bronchus
    • Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): fills mammary ducts in breast, but no invasion
    • Glandular CIS: stomach, endometrium, breast, large bowel
    • 3 Fates:
      • Remain stable for a long time
      • Progress to invasion or metastasis
      • Regress or disappear

    Genetics and Cancer

    • Genomics: The study of functions and interactions of all the genes in the genome, including their interactions with environmental factors
    • Genetics: Applies to mutations that can be inherited
    • Genomics vs Genetics:
      • Genetics: mutations affecting an individual's germ cell
      • Genomics: includes germ cell mutations and somatic cell mutations, and interactions between genes and environment/viral/bacterial genes
    • Critical Cancer Genes: Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes regulate cell growth, division, differentiation, and death
    • Sporadic vs Hereditary Cancers:
      • Sporadic: genetic changes in somatic cells, majority of cancer cases, generally occur at older ages, no family history, lower risks to other family members
      • Hereditary: strong cancer gene inherited through a germ cell line, high risks to other family members, often risks for other types of cancer too
      • Familial: multiple family members with the same cancer, unknown cause, moderate risk to other family members
    • Hereditary Cancer "Clues":
      • Young ages of diagnosis (typically under 50)
      • Multiple family members with cancer
      • Multiple generations with cancer
      • Multiple cancers in the same person
      • Related cancers
      • Bilateral cancers
      • Rare cancers
      • Certain ancestries (Ashkenazi Jewish)
    • Family Pedigree:
      • Allows us to look at the larger picture
      • Narrows down which gene to test for and whom to consider testing
      • Helps with test interpretation
    • Interpreting a Pedigree Chart:
      • Remember Mendellian modes of inheritance
      • Determine if the pedigree chart shows an autosomal or X-linked disease
      • Determine whether the disorder is dominant or recessive

    Cancer Syndromes

    • Breast Cancer:
      • Most common cancer in women
      • 5-10% of breast cancer cases in the US are inherited
      • BRCA1 and BRCA2:
        • Autosomal dominant mutations
        • 50-80% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer
        • 20-50% lifetime risk of ovarian cancer and moderate risk of colon and prostate cancer
    • Colorectal Cancer:
      • ~1 in 21 Americans will develop colorectal cancer
      • Family History:
        • The risk of colorectal cancer in people with one affected first-degree relative is 2-3 times higher than the general population
      • Hereditary Syndromes:
        • Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
        • Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) (Lynch syndrome)
        • Hereditary Colorectal Cancer

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