Chapter 3 - Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Questions and Answers

What is a key focus of cognitive psychology?

  • Genetic factors influencing cognition
  • Understanding brain damage recovery
  • How the brain represents and manipulates objects or ideas (correct)
  • The effects of drugs on brain function

    • All methods in cognitive neuroscience provide the same level of spatial and temporal resolution.

    False

    What are the steps involved in the internal transformations of mental representations?

    Encoding, Comparing, Deciding, Responding

    A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is __________.

    <p>disrupted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the steps of information processing with their descriptions:

    <p>Encoding = Identifying the visible target Comparing = Matching with memory representations Deciding = Making a judgment about the target Responding = Providing an appropriate answer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of cognitive neuroscience?

    <p>Cognitive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to disrupt neural function?

    <p>Genetic manipulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Studying the damaged brain helps to understand the causes of neurological dysfunctions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main aspects that differentiate methods in cognitive neuroscience?

    <p>Spatial resolution and temporal resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MRI has a lower spatial resolution compared to CT imaging.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology is used to study the consequences of the lack of expression of a specific gene?

    <p>Knockout technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Noninvasive stimulation methods can enhance or suppress neural activity in __________ regions.

    <p>targeted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the imaging method with its description:

    <p>CT = Provides 3-D images of the brain MRI = Offers superior spatial resolution DTI = Measures white matter pathways fMRI = Assesses brain activity through blood flow changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods can allow for comparisons of performance in participants?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is performed with a CT scanner.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method provides the ability to control neuronal activity in targeted cells?

    <p>Optogenetic methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) specifically measure?

    <p>Concentration of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PET and fMRI have high temporal resolution compared to methods that measure electrical signals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in creating connectivity maps?

    <p>Define the network nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In connectivity maps, brain regions are depicted as ______ and connections as ______.

    <p>nodes, edges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following imaging methods with their primary focus:

    <p>Anatomical MRI = Structural imaging fMRI = Functional imaging EEG = Electrical activity monitoring DTI = Diffusion measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the data used in connectivity maps?

    <p>Both resting and active-state fMRI data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Connectivity maps are generated only during active tasks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does BOLD response measure in fMRI studies?

    <p>Blood oxygen level-dependent response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method used to examine individual differences in cognitive behavior?

    <p>Connectivity maps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Computer models in cognitive neuroscience are used to simulate neural networks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two key components of cognitive neuroscience as mentioned in the content?

    <p>neuroanatomy and cognitive psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has revolutionized the field of _______.

    <p>cognitive neuroscience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following methods with their primary purpose:

    <p>PET = Brain activity measurement DTI = Structural imaging TMS = Modulating neural activity fMRI = Functional imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding combining methods in cognitive neuroscience?

    <p>It allows progression from correlational to experimental approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The results of lesioned computer models produce no resemblance to behavioral changes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential benefit of using computer models in cognitive neuroscience?

    <p>To create testable predictions about cognitive processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region of the brain was notably damaged after the cerebral hemorrhage?

    <p>Dorsomedial region of the left hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Traumatic brain injuries are less common than other causes of brain lesions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did A. Holbourn demonstrate about the orbitofrontal region?

    <p>The orbitofrontal region is susceptible to trauma and can be significantly damaged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effects of a cerebral vascular accident can be observed in the ______ region of the brain.

    <p>temporal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their consequences:

    <p>Cerebral hemorrhage = Destruction of the dorsomedial region Traumatic brain injury = Intellectual deterioration Grand mal seizure = Changes in brain activity Brain lesion = Selective cognitive deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of evidence is considered more reliable in determining brain function relationships?

    <p>Double dissociations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Impairments in cognitive processes indicate that the damaged brain part is responsible for that process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the common consequences of even mild traumatic brain injuries?

    <p>Chronic neurodegenerative consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

    • Cognitive neuroscience merges disciplines like neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neurology, and cognitive psychology for a comprehensive understanding of brain processes.
    • Different research methods vary in spatial (accuracy of location) and temporal (timing of measurements) resolution, influencing insights into brain function.
    • Correlational methods infer relationships from data patterns, while other techniques can establish direct causal links.

    Cognitive Psychology and Behavioral Methods

    • Information processing is fundamentally reliant on mental representations that undergo internal transformations.
    • Key steps in cognitive processing include:
      • Encoding: Identifying visible targets
      • Comparing: Matching mental representations against memory
      • Deciding: Determining if the target matches stored items
      • Responding: Providing an appropriate answer
    • Cognitive psychology aims to reveal mental operations for cognitive tasks and examine task performance limits.

    Studying the Damaged Brain

    • Neurological dysfunction arises from causes like strokes and traumatic brain injuries, impacting cognitive abilities and revealing brain-function relationships.
    • Brain lesions can display double dissociations, indicating that specific brain areas govern certain cognitive operations.
    • Traumatic brain injuries often have long-term neurodegenerative effects, and impairments do not equate to singular cognitive processes performed by damaged areas.

    Methods to Perturb Neural Function

    • Various techniques, including pharmacology, genetic manipulations, and stimulation methods (both invasive and noninvasive), can alter brain function.
    • Genetic manipulations, such as knockout technology, help identify gene roles in behavior, while optogenetics allows precise neuronal control.
    • Noninvasive stimulation methods can enhance or suppress neural activity in humans, facilitating research in both healthy and impaired populations.

    Structural Analysis of the Brain

    • Imaging techniques like CT and MRI create 3D brain visuals; MRI provides superior spatial resolution.
    • Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) evaluates white matter pathways and anatomical connectivity.
    • Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measures neurotransmitter concentrations, although PET and fMRI have lower temporal resolution compared to electrical measures.

    Connectivity Maps

    • Connectivity maps illustrate correlated activity patterns among brain regions derived from structural imaging and functional scans.
    • These maps help analyze individual differences in cognitive functions, such as intelligence and skill learning.
    • Resting-state and active-state fMRI scans reveal intrinsic networks across the cerebral cortex.

    Computational Neuroscience

    • Computer models simulate neural networks to explore cognitive processes and make testable predictions.
    • Lesioning computer models can mirror behavior changes observed in biological contexts.

    Converging Methods

    • Integrating multiple experimental methods enhances the understanding of cognitive behavior’s structural and functional foundations.
    • This convergence shifts research from correlation to causal experimentation, enhancing cognitive neuroscience's experimental approach.

    Summary and Reflection

    • Advancements in technologies and methodologies have propelled the field forward.
    • Each discipline contributes uniquely to cognitive neuroscience, with inherent limits in addressing complex brain-mind questions.
    • The rise of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has significantly influenced cognitive neuroscience research methodologies.

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    Chapter 3 - Methods.docx

    Description

    Explore the key methods used in cognitive neuroscience with this quiz. Understand the differences in spatial and temporal resolution, as well as how these methods contribute to research insights. Test your knowledge on the interdisciplinary nature of this fascinating field.

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