Neuroplasticity Overview: Structural vs Functional, Mechanisms, and Research

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What is the term for the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections?

Neuroplasticity

Who were the first to demonstrate neuroplasticity and critical periods?

David H. Hubel & Torsten N. Wiesel

What is the term for the structural changes that occur in the nervous system in response to experience, learning, or injury?

Structural neuroplasticity

Which type of plasticity is associated with the reorganization of neural connections in the brain?

<p>Hebbian plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is involved in processing visual information?

<p>Striate cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the study by McGuire et al. (2006) find about black cab drivers compared to bus drivers?

<p>Black cab drivers have larger hippocampi</p> Signup and view all the answers

'The Knowledge' training led to structural brain changes according to which study?

<p>Woollett K, Maguire EA</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Use it or lose it' is a phrase often used to emphasize the importance of:

<p>Continued brain stimulation and activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Effects of monocular deprivation in kittens' is a study associated with which researchers?

<p>Hubel, David H., and Torsten N. Wiesel</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Acquiring 'the Knowledge' of London's layout drives structural brain changes' was published in which journal?

<p>Curr Biol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you describe the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections?

<p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of changes does structural neuroplasticity refer to?

<p>Changes in the physical structure of the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is crucial for encoding and retaining memories?

<p>Hebbian plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the CNS have a low capacity for?

<p>Regeneration and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique can induce neuroplasticity by stimulating specific areas of the brain?

<p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compensates for changes in synaptic strength by altering neurotransmitter release and controlling the abundance of postsynaptic receptors?

<p>Homeostatic plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can promote neuroplasticity and has potential therapeutic applications in treating mental health disorders?

<p>Psychedelics such as LSD, psilocybin, and DMT</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a non-invasive technique that can improve performance in older adults on cognitive tasks and enhance neuroplasticity in the prefrontal cortex?

<p>Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at different levels, from molecules and interactions to cellular networks and synaptic plasticity?

<p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuroplasticity concerns changes in the activity and connectivity of neurons and circuits at the molecular and system levels?

<p>Functional neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is a crucial step for recovery after injury?

<p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been linked to alcohol abuse, depression, and aging when impaired in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

<p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differs between healthy individuals and those with neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and alcohol abuse?

<p>The morphology of dendritic spines in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is acutely stimulated by psychedelics at a molecular and (sub)cellular level after a single dose?

<p>Synaptogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, which brain regions are found to be associated with the LSD experience?

<p>Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential of psychedelics in treating depression, anxiety, and addiction according to the information presented?

<p>They have potential to provide long-lasting clinical improvements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the systematic review by De Vos, C. M., Mason, N. L., & Kuypers, K. P. (2021)?

<p>The biological underpinnings of psychedelics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key finding of the study by Carhart-Harris, R. L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Droog, W., Murphy, K., & Nutt, D. J. (2016)?

<p>Psychedelics acutely stimulate structural neuroplasticity processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the contribution of Calder, A.E., Hasler, G. in understanding psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity?

<p>They contributed towards understanding psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is associated with adult neurogenesis?

<p>(sub)cellular changes induced by psychedelics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of adult neurogenesis according to Vivar and van Praag (2017)?

<p>It is associated with memory and mood regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Neural correlates of the LSD experience" is an article published in which journal?

<p>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Psychedelics and neuroplasticity: a systematic review unraveling the biological underpinnings of psychedelics" was published in which journal?

<p>&quot;Frontiers in Psychiatry&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of change do psychedelics acutely stimulate at a molecular and (sub)cellular level after a single dose?

<p>Structural neuroplasticity processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

  • Structural neuroplasticity refers to changes in the physical structure of the nervous system, such as neuronal morphology, synaptic connectivity, and gene expression.
  • Functional neuroplasticity concerns the changes in the activity and connectivity of neurons and circuits at the molecular and system levels.
  • The central nervous system (CNS) has a high degree of structural invariability, which ensures stability of neural circuits and protects specificity of neural connections. However, it has a low capacity for regeneration and repair.
  • Neuroplasticity, which includes adaptive behavior, learning, memory, and recovery after injury, occurs at different levels, from molecules and interactions to cellular networks and synaptic plasticity.
  • Hebbian plasticity is a process of strengthening synaptic connections between neurons with correlated activity, which is crucial for encoding and retaining memories.
  • Homeostatic plasticity compensates for changes in synaptic strength by altering neurotransmitter release and controlling the abundance of postsynaptic receptors.
  • The older brain is more plastic than previously thought, with changes in white matter and cortical regions in response to learning and experience.
  • The morphology of dendritic spines in the brain differs between healthy individuals and those with neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and alcohol abuse.
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can induce neuroplasticity by stimulating specific areas of the brain, potentially providing a therapeutic intervention for various neurological and psychiatric conditions.
  • Impaired neuroplasticity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been linked to alcohol abuse, depression, and aging.
  • Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) can improve performance in older adults on cognitive tasks and enhance neuroplasticity in the prefrontal cortex.
  • Psychedelics such as LSD, psilocybin, and DMT have been shown to promote neuroplasticity and have potential therapeutic applications in treating mental health disorders.

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