Week 2.1 TEXT BOOK, TEXT BOOK, TEXT BOOK
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Questions and Answers

What does cognitive neuroscience study?

  • Social interactions
  • Physiological basis of cognition (correct)
  • Environmental sustainability
  • Economic behavior

    • What approach does cognitive neuroscience take in studying the mind?

  • Holistic approach
  • Randomized approach
  • Levels-of-analysis approach (correct)
  • Reductionist approach

    • According to Ramon y Cajal's research, what theory was abandoned in favor of the neuron doctrine?

  • The synaptic transmission theory
  • The chemical signaling theory
  • The brain plasticity theory
  • The neural network theory (correct)

    • What is the main function of individual cells called neurons, as per the neuron doctrine?

    <p>Transmitting signals in the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Edgar Adrian determine about action potentials as they travel down an axon?

    <p>They remain the same size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increasing stimulus intensity affect the rate of nerve firing, according to Edgar Adrian's findings?

    <p>It increases the rate of nerve firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the principle of neural representation, how is a person's experience based?

    <p>Representation in the person's nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In accordance with the principle of neural representation, what is the primary determinant of a person's experience?

    <p>Representations in the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of neural representation, what does population coding refer to?

    <p>Encoding of information by a population of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sparse coding contribute to neural representation?

    <p>Encodes information using a small number of active neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of neural representation, what does the existence of a separate primary receiving area for each sense support?

    <p>The principle of neural representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the idea of localization of function in perception?

    <p>The existence of a separate primary receiving area for each sense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to measure brain activation during cognitive functioning?

    <p>Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of creating a brain map based on the response to movies in brain-imaging experiments?

    <p>To indicate the kinds of stimuli that activate different areas of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does distributed processing relate to the perception of seeing a face, remembering, and producing language?

    <p>It involves the involvement of multiple brain regions for each function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle is illustrated by the multidimensional nature of experiences like seeing a face, remembering, and producing language?

    <p>The principle of distributed processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary characteristics of neural networks?

    <p>They are functionally and structurally related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of neural representation, what does sparse coding contribute to?

    <p>Efficient representation of sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method has been used to measure structural connectivity in the brain?

    <p>Track-weighted imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of neural representation, what does sparse coding contribute to?

    <p>Efficient representation of sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary methods for measuring functional connectivity?

    <p>Resting-level fMRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can functional connectivity be measured besides resting-level fMRI?

    <p>Task-related fMRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT a primary method for measuring functional connectivity?

    <p>Increasing stimulus intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the idea of localization of function in perception?

    <p>Action potentials traveling down an axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinguishing feature of the default mode network compared to other networks?

    <p>It increases in activity when the brain is at rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the activity of the default mode network differ from other networks when a person is engaged in a cognitive task?

    <p>It decreases in activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Neuroscience

    • Studies the neural mechanisms underlying human cognition and behavior

    Research Approach

    • Takes a multidisciplinary approach, combining biology, psychology, computer science, and engineering to understand the mind

    History of Neuroscience

    • Ramon y Cajal's research led to the abandonment of the "reticular theory" in favor of the neuron doctrine
    • The neuron doctrine states that individual cells called neurons are the functional units of the brain

    Neuron Function

    • Neurons receive, integrate, and transmit information

    Action Potentials

    • Edgar Adrian discovered that action potentials decrease in amplitude as they travel down an axon
    • Increasing stimulus intensity increases the rate of nerve firing

    Neural Representation

    • A person's experience is based on the pattern of neural activity across the brain (principle of neural representation)
    • The primary determinant of a person's experience is the pattern of neural activity
    • Population coding refers to the idea that a group of neurons represents a particular aspect of an experience
    • Sparse coding contributes to efficient representation and flexible perception

    Brain Organization

    • The existence of separate primary receiving areas for each sense supports localization of function in perception
    • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the primary method used to measure brain activation during cognitive functioning
    • Brain mapping is used to create a detailed map of brain areas involved in cognitive tasks

    Distributed Processing

    • Distributed processing is involved in perceiving a face, remembering, and producing language
    • This is illustrated by the multidimensional nature of these experiences
    • Neural networks exhibit distributed processing, which enables efficient and flexible information processing

    Neural Networks

    • One of the primary characteristics of neural networks is their ability to learn and adapt

    Sparse Coding

    • Sparse coding contributes to efficient representation and flexible perception in neural representation

    Measuring Brain Connectivity

    • Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is used to measure structural connectivity in the brain
    • Functional connectivity can be measured using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG)
    • Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electrocorticography (ECoG) can also be used to measure functional connectivity
    • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is not a primary method for measuring functional connectivity

    Default Mode Network

    • The default mode network is characterized by high activity during rest and low activity during cognitive tasks
    • This network is distinct from other networks due to its unique activity pattern

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    Test your understanding of the levels-of-analysis approach in cognitive neuroscience, which involves studying the physiological basis of cognition at both behavioral and physiological levels.

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