met phy

<p>Analyzing the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide released (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy intake is equal to energy expenditure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a thermoneutral environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ambient temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To support essential bodily functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>75% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calorie (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediately after exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure a standardized measurement across individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The majority of food energy is converted into heat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VLDLs transport triglycerides synthesized in the liver to adipose tissue and muscle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins are structurally more complex and require more energy to break down. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LDL = Total Cholesterol - HDL - Triglycerides / 5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body can synthesize all the necessary amino acids, minimizing the need for protein degradation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are synthesized by the body but in insufficient quantities, requiring dietary intake. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leptin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-term control of energy balance and body weight, as well as short-term control of food intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leptin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased production of NPY and increased release of melanocortins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperthyroidism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing energy output and decreasing energy input (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholecystokinin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They suppress appetite and promote energy expenditure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It plays a key role in the long-term control of body weight. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stimulate appetite and promote food intake. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogenolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP is converted to ADP, releasing energy that drives anabolic reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis produces pyruvate, which is then used as a starting material for the citric acid cycle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential fatty acids are obtained from the diet and cannot be produced by the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatty acid breakdown yields about 1.3 times the energy of glucose breakdown. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The synthesis of both nonessential fatty acids and steroids uses acetyl-CoA as the starting material. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most lipids circulate as lipoproteins, which are lipid-protein complexes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, while glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases absorption of calcium and phosphorus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored for several months without dietary intake. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scurvy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin K (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fever involves a resetting of the hypothalamic set point, while hyperthermia does not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body's thermoregulation mechanisms are overwhelmed, leading to a failure to dissipate heat effectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased sweating to cool down the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An inability of the body to effectively shiver and generate heat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improving the efficiency of sweating and increasing blood volume to support heat dissipation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heatstroke is a more severe form of exercise hyperthermia, often triggered by intense physical activity in hot conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Therapeutic hypothermia is induced intentionally for medical purposes, while artificial hypothermia is an accidental condition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration impairs the body's ability to sweat effectively, leading to a reduction in heat loss and an increased risk of hyperthermia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To develop strategies for preventing hypothermia and hyperthermia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To monitor the temperature of the skin and signal the hypothalamus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By coordinating both heat-loss and heat-production mechanisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher skin temperature results in a lower set point. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of prostaglandins that alter the set point. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By inhibiting the production of prostaglandins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain a stable core body temperature within a narrow range. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypothalamus triggers heat-production mechanisms to raise the temperature to the set point. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sweat evaporation is essential for heat loss through sweating. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To monitor the temperature of the deep tissues of the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It initiates shivering to generate heat and vasoconstriction to reduce heat loss. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate heat through non-shivering thermogenesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heat exposure stimulates vasodilation, while cold exposure triggers vasoconstriction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By coordinating both heat-loss and heat-production mechanisms to achieve a balance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The metabolic rate at rest under standardized conditions, necessary for basic body functions.

The relationship between energy input from food and energy output through work and metabolism.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

A unit of heat energy; the amount required to raise 1g of water by 1°C.

Equivalent to 1000 calories; commonly used to measure energy in foods for humans.

The energy obtained from ingested food, essential for body functioning.

The energy expended by the body through external work and internal processes.

The rate at which energy is expended by the body during both internal and external work.

The breakdown of organic substrates to release energy.

The synthesis of new organic molecules using energy (ATP).

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like lactic acid.

The process of breaking down glucose to generate ATP and pyruvate.

The formation of glycogen from glucose for storage.

The breakdown of glycogen to release glucose quickly.

The breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.

The conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA for energy production.

The synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides from substrates.

Lipid-protein complexes that transport lipids in the bloodstream.

Lipoproteins that transport dietary lipids from the intestines.

Nine amino acids that the body cannot synthesize on its own.

Three main challenges affecting protein breakdown: difficulty, toxicity, and function.

Vitamins that dissolve in fats and are stored in body tissues.

Eleven amino acids the body can produce on its own.

Brain region controlling food intake and energy balance through various signals.

Part of the hypothalamus involved in long-term energy balance and short-term food intake control.

A potent appetite stimulator produced in the arcuate nucleus.

Hormones that help regulate energy homeostasis and suppress appetite.

A hormone indicating stored fat levels, suppressing appetite and aiding weight loss.

Hormone that plays a key role in long-term control of body weight and glucose levels.

A potent appetite stimulator released during fasting or hunger phases.

A measure to assess body fat based on height and weight.

Condition occurring when calorie intake exceeds calorie expenditure.

Includes lifestyle changes, medications, and surgical options to manage weight.

A method measuring heat produced by the body to determine metabolism.

Thyroid hormone, testosterone, growth hormone, fever raise metabolic rate.

Neutral, positive, and negative energy balance describes input-output situations.

Regulates food intake via appetite and satiety signals between meals.

A vitamin that is a structural component of the visual pigment retinal.

Converted to calcitriol to increase calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestines.

Vitamins that are components of coenzymes and quickly excreted when in excess.

A deficiency disease caused by lack of Vitamin C, leading to symptoms like bleeding gums.

The regulated temperature level where the hypothalamus maintains body temperature.

The process of body temperature returning to normal after a fever.

Elevated body temperature above the accepted norm without a change in set point.

Increased body temperature from exercise, can peak at 40°C if mechanisms work.

A dangerous condition occurring when core temperature exceeds 40.5°C, impairing thermoregulation.

The adaptation process to tolerate heat, usually in 1-3 weeks of exposure.

Lowered core temperature without a reset of the hypothalamic set point, typically below 35°C.

Controlled cooling to depress hypothalamic activity for medical treatment.

The processes by which the body gains or loses heat, including conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.

A brain region that regulates body temperature by controlling heat production and loss.

A regulated increase in body temperature as a defense mechanism against infection.

The temperature of the deep tissues of the body, typically higher than skin temperature.

A regulated process for heat loss through evaporative cooling controlled by the nervous system.

Sensory receptors that detect changes in temperature, found in the hypothalamus and skin.

An involuntary muscle response that generates heat through rapid contractions.

The widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow and heat loss to the skin.

The narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow and conserve body heat.

Core temperature fluctuates daily and can differ based on factors like gender, exercise, or age.

The range of temperatures (36.8°C to 37.2°C) where the body does not need to adjust its temperature.

Substances that can raise the hypothalamic set point during a fever, promoting heat production.