Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are examples of metabolic disorders?

  • Atherosclerosis
  • Diabetes mellitus (correct)
  • Hypertension
  • Heart failure

    • Cardiovascular disorders are solely caused by genetic factors.

    False

    What substance derived from Digitalis purpurea is commonly used to treat heart failure?

    digoxin

    Metabolic disorders can be caused by genetic disruptions, hormonal imbalances, nutritional _________, or environmental toxins.

    <p>deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cardiovascular disorder with its description:

    <p>Heart failure = Inability of the heart to pump effectively Atherosclerosis = Narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup Arrhythmias = Irregular heartbeats Venous insufficiency = Poor blood flow in the veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following natural products is NOT mentioned as a treatment for hypertension?

    <p>Aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diuretics are considered effective antihypertensives in phytomedicine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the lifestyle changes recommended to respond to cardiovascular disorders?

    <p>diet change and exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the induction stage in hypnosis?

    <p>To deepen relaxation and focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aromatherapy is mainly concerned with the use of synthetic fragrances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one potential risk associated with hypnotherapy.

    <p>Producing false or distorted memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the __________ stage of hypnosis, a hypnotherapist provides guided visualizations for change.

    <p>suggestions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of hypnosis with their descriptions:

    <p>Induction = Relaxation and focusing attention Deepener = Increases relaxation and focus Suggestions = Guided change in perception or behavior Emergence = Transition out of hypnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common application of hypnotherapy?

    <p>Psychosis treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Essential oils have been used in ancient civilizations for medicinal and spiritual purposes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system in the brain does aromatherapy primarily stimulate?

    <p>Limbic system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The modern concept of aromatherapy was developed in the 20th century by __________.

    <p>René-Maurice Gattefossé</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds found in garlic is responsible for its medicinal effects?

    <p>Allicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically not a focus of suggestions made during hypnotherapy?

    <p>Increasing academic performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antiplatelet drugs are primarily used to increase platelet aggregation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypnosis can result in a decreased sense of personal control.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one method used in the induction stage for relaxation.

    <p>Controlled breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one dietary item that has antiplatelet effects.

    <p>Garlic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main compound in fresh garlic is _______.

    <p>alliin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ stage involves counting down or visualizing descending imagery.

    <p>deepener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the plant with its antiplatelet activity:

    <p>Turmeric = Curcumin Ginger = Zingiber officinale Garlic = Allium sativum Pomegranate = Punica granatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medical conditions with their common hypnotherapy applications:

    <p>Insomnia = Pain control Asthma = Respiratory issues PTSD = Stress management Anxiety = Emotional regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following beverages are prescribed to maintain body fluids after enteritis?

    <p>Pineapple juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ice cold foods are recommended in a diet for obesity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does olive oil have on blood cholesterol levels?

    <p>Lowers blood cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of music therapy?

    <p>To promote physical, emotional, and cognitive well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ginkgo biloba has no effect on blood circulation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Music therapy emerged as a distinct profession in _____.

    <p>1950</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary active compound in turmeric that provides its benefits?

    <p>Curcumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Capsaicin is found in _______ and has antiplatelet properties.

    <p>cayenne pepper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the conditions with the recommended dietary restrictions:

    <p>Fever = Avoid beef and mutton Bronchial troubles = Avoid eggs and dried fish Enteritis = Maintain fluids with coconut water Traditional circumcision = Avoid okro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle states that music therapy is tailored to the individual's needs?

    <p>Personalized Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a plant with antiplatelet activity?

    <p>Barberry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments involves the use of diet in the Unani system?

    <p>Ilaj-bi-ghiza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does NAFDAC aim to do with herbal medicinal products in Nigeria?

    <p>Regulate and control the use of herbal medicinal products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound found in lilly of the valley is known to increase the force of contraction of the heart?

    <p>Convonvallotoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unani medicine only considers primary factors directly affecting tabiyat.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Herbal preparations that make no therapeutic claims are classified as medicinal products.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Herbal medicines have been given adequate attention in terms of regulation and control.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High doses of garlic can lead to severe side effects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hawthorn is used traditionally to improve cardiovascular health.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general effect do flavonoids and anthocyanidins have on health?

    <p>Antiplatelet effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three classes of traditional medicines defined in Nigeria?

    <p>Herbal medicinal products, Animal medicinal products, Mineral medicinal products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one benefit of music therapy.

    <p>Reducing stress and anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ilaj-bi-dawa in the Unani system?

    <p>Pharmacotherapy or the use of medicines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animal medicinal products are defined as finished products containing only _____ material.

    <p>animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Unani system recognizes __________ as outside agents that help boost the patient’s tabiyat.

    <p>medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ is used as a food supplement due to its antislcetoritic activity.

    <p>Garlic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One technique used in music therapy is _____ to create music in the moment.

    <p>improvisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary active substance found in turmeric that contributes to its cardiovascular benefits?

    <p>Curcumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants with their corresponding potentials:

    <p>Grape seed extract = Antisclerotic effects Bilberry = Improves blood flow Pine bark extract = Antioxidant properties Ginkgo biloba = Reduces atherosclerotic plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of therapies with their descriptions:

    <p>Dalak = Massage therapy Hammam = Bath and sauna therapy Karat = Exercise therapy Hijamat = Cupping therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes herbal medicinal products?

    <p>Finished products containing plant material with therapeutic claims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The extracts of __________ contain antioxidants and have been shown to improve cardiovascular health.

    <p>Grape seed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to regulate herbal medicines?

    <p>To control the quality, safety, and efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Large-scale manufacturers produce herbal medicinal products intended for individual patients only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant contribution did Salimuzzaman Siddiqui make to Unani medicine?

    <p>Discovered the therapeutic effects of chhota chand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the plant with its primary benefit on cardiovascular health:

    <p>Hawthorn = Improves cardiac function Coleus = Lowers blood pressure Garlic = Reduces inflammation Omega-3 fatty acids = Lower triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the techniques of music therapy with their descriptions:

    <p>Songwriting = Writing songs to express emotions Music Movement = Promoting physical movement through music Composition = Creating music with a goal in mind Music Listening = Using music to encourage relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern for regulatory approval of herbal medicinal products according to NAFDAC?

    <p>Preservation and shelf life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant extract is traditionally used to help varicose veins and improve venous tone?

    <p>Horse Chestnut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Music therapy can help enhance cognitive function.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypnotherapy is primarily a physical treatment method.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Butcher's broom has no effect on venous tone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of relationship does a music therapist establish with the client?

    <p>Supportive and non-judgmental.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mineral medicinal products contain _____ minerals and make therapeutic claims.

    <p>inorganic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one application of hypnotherapy in mental health treatment.

    <p>Insomnia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Herbal medicinal products = Products containing plant material with therapeutic claims Animal medicinal products = Finished products containing only animal material Mineral medicinal products = Products containing inorganic minerals Large-scale manufacture = Production intended for broad distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Unani pharmacopoeia is enriched with more than __________ medicines.

    <p>2000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one possible side effect of using herbal extracts containing convonvallotoxin.

    <p>Emesis (vomiting)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regulatory authorities ensure products conform to acceptable standards of ___, safety, and efficacy.

    <p>quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization will establish a database on herbal medicinal products in Nigeria?

    <p>NAFDAC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a last resort in the Unani treatment process?

    <p>Ilaj-bil-yad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____________ is a naturally occurring antioxidant that plays a crucial role in energy production for the heart.

    <p>Coenzyme Q10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principles of hypnotherapy involve accessing the conscious mind only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiovascular conditions with their potential herbal treatments:

    <p>Thrombosis = Ginkgo biloba Arteriosclerosis = Turmeric Venous insufficiency = Horse Chestnut High blood pressure = Coleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two factors considered secondary in the Unani system?

    <p>Socioeconomic and geographic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants is recognized for lowering blood pressure?

    <p>Coleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Omega-3 fatty acids are only beneficial for heart health and have no other benefits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Unani treatment approaches with their descriptions:

    <p>Ilaj-bi-gahza = Diet therapy Ilaj-bi-misla = Organ therapy Ilaj-bi-dawa = Pharmacotherapy Ilaj-bil-yad = Surgical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use for garlic in relation to cardiovascular health?

    <p>Lower blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'tabiyat' refer to in Unani medicine?

    <p>The balance of health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ is the act of venesection, or opening a vein to let out blood in Unani therapy.

    <p>Fasd</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The compound that helps improve circulation and is rich in flavonoids comes from __________ fruits.

    <p>Citrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT part of the seven basic physiological principles in Unani medicine?

    <p>Dhamma (vital energy)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Unani medicine, the four elements (arkan) are earth, water, fire, and air.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an individual's internal power to combat disease in Unani medicine?

    <p>tabiyat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Unani medicine, the imbalance of ______ is a sign of disease.

    <p>humours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Unani humours with their corresponding human dispositions:

    <p>Dam = Sanguine Balgham = Phlegmatic Safra = Choleric Sauda = Melancholic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a factor in establishing a synchronized biological rhythm in Unani medicine?

    <p>Food and drink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mizaj refers to the balance of temperature, moistness, and dryness in the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four basic temperaments described in Unani medicine?

    <p>Hot, cold, moist, dry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle of ______ relates to the quality of air and its direct impact on health.

    <p>hawa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Unani concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Arkan = Elements (earth, water, fire, air) Akhlat = Bodily humours Harkat-wo-sakoon-e-jismiah = Bodily exercise and repose Naum-o-yaqzah = Sleep and wakefulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of 'imtizaj'?

    <p>Action of elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unani medicine suggests that tabiyat can sometimes cure diseases without external medical treatment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four humours identified in Unani medicine?

    <p>Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The four essential ______ are hot, cold, moist, and dry.

    <p>mizaj</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary belief of homeopathy?

    <p>Treating diseases by mimicking their symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homeopathy emphasizes the treatment of only the physical symptoms of an individual.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed homeopathy?

    <p>Samuel Hahnemann</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Essential oils should be diluted with a ______ before applying to the skin.

    <p>carrier oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the essential oils to their known properties:

    <p>Lavender = Calming and relaxing Tea Tree = Antimicrobial and antifungal Peppermint = Invigorating and refreshing Eucalyptus = Decongestant and anti-inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the practice of using the minimum amount of substance necessary to have a therapeutic effect in homeopathy?

    <p>Minimum Dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All essential oils used in aromatherapy are safe for pregnant individuals without any precautions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are homeopathic remedies commonly prepared from?

    <p>Plants, minerals, and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homeopathic treatments are often given in the form of ______ pellets.

    <p>sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the homeopathic remedies to their uses:

    <p>Arnica = Injuries and inflammation Calendula = Skin conditions and wounds Chamomilla = Anxiety and insomnia Nux vomica = Digestive issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a criticism of homeopathy?

    <p>Many studies show no effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homeopathy can treat both acute and chronic health conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some precautions to keep in mind while using essential oils?

    <p>Dilute with a carrier oil and consult a doctor when pregnant or breastfeeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of ______ in homeopathy involves diluting and shaking substances to enhance their healing properties.

    <p>succussion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basic requirements for the registration of herbal medicinal products in Europe?

    <p>Quality, safety, and efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    India and China have fully banned the use of herbal medicines in their healthcare systems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulatory authority in Nigeria is responsible for the control of herbal medicinal products?

    <p>National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants is NOT rich in omega-3 fatty acids?

    <p>Citrus fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The European scientific cooperative on phytotherapy was formed in ____.

    <p>1989</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cinnamon has been found to have antidiabetic effects by increasing blood sugar levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the regions with their respective contributions to herbal medicine regulation:

    <p>Europe = Centralized system for marketing authorization Nigeria = NAFDAC and regulatory guidelines Africa = African pharmacopoeia India and China = Integration of traditional medicine into healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the traditional use of Gurmar (Gymnema sylvestre) in medicine?

    <p>To treat diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bitter melon is traditionally used in ________ medicine to treat diabetes.

    <p>traditional Chinese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a type of hydrotherapy?

    <p>Therapeutic fasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criterion for the registration of herbal medicinal products in Nigeria?

    <p>Consumer demand for the product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants with their traditional usage:

    <p>Fenugreek = Ayurvedic medicine for diabetes Ginseng = Traditional Chinese medicine for diabetes Neem = Ayurvedic medicine for diabetes Turmeric = Anti-inflammatory herb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Herbal products with therapeutic claims in the United States require FDA approval.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrotherapy can only be performed in specialized facilities and cannot be done at home.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant step has Nigeria taken to enhance the regulation of traditional medicine practices?

    <p>Approval of the National Policy on Traditional Medicine Code of Ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common mechanism by which high fiber diets affect blood sugar levels?

    <p>Inhibit glucose absorption from the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one benefit of hydrotherapy for those with chronic pain.

    <p>Reducing pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrotherapy may improve mental health in people with _______ due to aquatic exercise.

    <p>fibromyalgia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acupuncture has been used as a medical technique in China for over 1000 years.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first edition of the African pharmacopoeia was published in ____.

    <p>1985</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of herbal preparations with their regulations:

    <p>Extemporaneous preparations = Must be listed, not registered Large-scale herbal products = Must be registered and approved Homeopathic products = Must be registered and approved Herbal products for personal use = No registration needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one plant that is known for its high content of berberine.

    <p>Goldenseal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following forms of hydrotherapy with their descriptions:

    <p>Aquatic exercise = Low impact exercise in water Sitz bath = Shallow bath for relief of cramps or hemorrhoids Saunas = Rooms with humid or dry air at high temperatures Water circuit therapy = Alternating between different water therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Momordica charantia is commonly known as ________ melon.

    <p>bitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hydrotherapy involves immersing oneself in water for relief?

    <p>Immersion therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has prompted the growing use of herbal medicinal products in Nigeria?

    <p>Unfavorable economic situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrotherapy techniques can involve the use of both hot and cold water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants with their effects:

    <p>Curcumin = Reduces inflammation Berberine = Improves insulin sensitivity Aloe vera = Reduces blood sugar levels Cinnamon = Improves insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The National Council on Health in Nigeria has not yet approved any document concerning herbal medicinal products.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key aspect did NAFDAC emphasize to ensure the safety of consumers regarding herbal medicinal products?

    <p>Drafting the 'Guidelines for the Registration and Control of Herbal Medicinal Products'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant is traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine to improve insulin sensitivity?

    <p>Gurmar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should individuals do before starting hydrotherapy?

    <p>Discuss it with a doctor or physical therapist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moxibustion involves the application of heat from burning moxa leaves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One method of hydrotherapy used by athletes post-workout is _______ hydrotherapy.

    <p>contrast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following health conditions to potential benefits of hydrotherapy:

    <p>Osteoarthritis = Improved knee function after exercise Fibromyalgia = Reduced anxiety and depression Pregnancy = Pain relief and relaxation Musculoskeletal diseases = Significant pain-relieving effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of turmeric due to its compound curcumin?

    <p>Reduces inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many acupuncture points were identified by Chinese doctors by the 14th century?

    <p>657</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hydrotherapy method is typically recommended for those experiencing cramps or hemorrhoids?

    <p>Sitz bath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phytomedicines are sometimes used in _______, although they are not a replacement for hormonal replacement.

    <p>hormonal disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrotherapy is proven to benefit everyone, regardless of their health condition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ayurveda considers human beings as a separate entity from the universe.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following metabolic conditions with their treatment methods:

    <p>Type 1 Diabetes = Insulin injection Type 2 Diabetes = Diet improvement and medication Thyroid deficiency = Tyroxine treatment Hyperglycemia = Diet and herbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three humors recognized in Ayurvedic medicine?

    <p>Vatha, Pitha, Kapha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one piece of equipment that may be used for hydrotherapy.

    <p>Whirlpool spa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrotherapy may help with _______ and pain during water birth.

    <p>relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Ayurveda, the balance of body humors, proper functioning of body elements, and a pleasant disposition of mind, soul, and body organs define a _____ man.

    <p>healthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of hydrotherapy with its description:

    <p>Hot tubs = Use jets for massage while soaking Cold saunas = Contrasting heat and cold to promote circulation Warm baths = Soaking for relaxation and pain relief Water circuit therapy = Alternating therapies in succession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT considered one of the five gross elements of the universe according to Ayurveda?

    <p>Electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Ayurveda constitutions with their characteristics:

    <p>Vatha = Thin body, restless, insomnia Pitha = Moderate build, courageous, circulatory issues Kapha = Bulky body, slow, susceptible to diabetes None = Does not exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The state of the mind in yoga is static and unchanging.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is a prominent figure associated with the development of Unani medicine?

    <p>Avicenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unani medicine finds its origins in the doctrines of ancient Greek physicians such as _____ and Galen.

    <p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the word 'yoga' mean?

    <p>Union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of a microcosm and macrocosm is not present in Ayurvedic philosophy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Ayurveda, what is the main part of the living man that represents consciousness?

    <p>Soul or Atma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Ayurveda philosophy, the balance of the three humors is critical; when it is upset, one _____ becomes sick.

    <p>individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Unani medicine?

    <p>Physical, mental, and spiritual realms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Ayurvedic constitutions with their predominant characteristics:

    <p>Vatha = Acetylcholine predominant Pitha = Catecholamine predominant Kapha = Histamine secretors None = No predominant characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Herbal, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines

    • Metabolic Diseases: Impair body's metabolic processes (energy, nutrients, waste). Causes include genetic issues, hormonal imbalance, diet/lifestyle, toxins. Manifest as diabetes mellitus/insipidus, obesity, hyperlipidemia, etc.

    • Cardiovascular Disorders: Leading cause of death in Western world, often linked to lifestyle and heredity. Examples include heart failure, arrhythmias, venous insufficiency, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis. Respond well to dietary changes, exercise, and conventional treatments.

    • Heart Failure and Cardiac Arrhythmias: Treated with cardiac glycosides (digoxin, from Digitalis purpurea), lilly of the valley, squill. These increase heart contraction force, but are toxic in high doses. Other helpful herbs include hawthorn and motherwort. Many drugs are based on natural product templates, e.g. verapamil from Papaverine.

    Plants with Cardiovascular Benefits

    • Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna): Improves cardiac function, lowers blood pressure, and increases exercise tolerance.

    • Coleus (Coleus forskohlii): Contains forskolin, which lowers blood pressure, improves cardiac function, and reduces inflammation.

    • Ginkgo biloba: Improves blood flow, cardiac function, reduces inflammation, and improves exercise tolerance. Also has antiplatelet/antisclerotic action.

    • Turmeric (Curcuma longa): Contains curcumin, a potent anti-inflammatory/antioxidant, which improves cardiac function, reduces inflammation, and enhances exercise tolerance. Has antiplatelet/antisclerotic action.

    • Grape seed extract: Rich in antioxidants, improves cardiac function, lowers blood pressure, and promotes improved exercise tolerance. Has antiplatelet/antisclerotic action.

    • Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10): Improves cardiac function, reduces oxidative stress, and improves exercise tolerance.

    • Omega-3 fatty acids: Reduces inflammation, improves cardiac function, and lowers triglycerides.

    • Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): Reduces stress/anxiety, improves cardiac function, lowers blood pressure, and improves exercise tolerance.

    • Garlic (Allium sativum): Lowers blood pressure, improves cardiac function, reduces inflammation. Has antiplatelet/antisclerotic effects.

    • Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): Rich in omega-3s and fiber lowers blood pressure, improves cardiac function, and reduces inflammation.

    Venous Insufficiency

    • Plants for Venous Health: Horse chestnut, butcher's broom, Ginkgo biloba, grape seed extract, pine bark extract, vitamin C-rich plants, flavonoid-rich plants, omega-3-rich plants. These improve venous tone, reduce inflammation, and improve circulation.

    Antiplatelet and Antisclerotic Drugs

    • Thrombosis and Arteriosclerosis: Closely linked diseases often arise from poor lifestyle. Antiplatelet drugs (like aspirin) inhibit thrombosis. Many foods (flavonoids, anthocyanidins, garlic) have antiplatelet effects. Mediterranean diet (olive oil, red wine, high fiber) shows lower incidence of heart disease.

    • Antiplatelet Plants: Turmeric, ginger, Ginkgo biloba, garlic, onion, cayenne pepper, pomegranate, green tea, grape seed extract, pine bark extract, bilberry, cranberry.

    • Antisclerotic Plants: Ginkgo biloba, turmeric, grape seed extract, pine bark extract, garlic, onion, berberine-rich plants, flavonoid-rich plants, omega-3 fatty acid-rich plants.

    Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic Herbs

    • Hormonal role: Phytomedicines often support hormone function in some disorders but aren't substitutes for conventional hormonal treatments.

    • Diabetes management: Many foods and herbs help manage milder types of non-insulin-dependent diabetes by lowering blood glucose through various mechanisms. High fiber diets are particularly helpful, e.g. oats, ispaghula, and guar gum.

    • Antidiabetic Plants: Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Trigonella foenum-graecum, berberine-rich plants, cinnamon, turmeric, ginseng, milk thistle, aloe vera, neem, jamun

    Other Alternative Medicine Practices

    • Acupuncture: Ancient Chinese therapy using needles to stimulate energy channels (meridians) impacting health. Can treat various ailments.

    • Ayurveda: Ancient Indian system viewing the body as a microcosm, balancing three humors (vata, pitta, kapha) for health. Constitutional types exist. Yoga aims for mind/body harmony.

    • Unani Medicine: Traditional Islamic system blending physical, mental, and spiritual aspects. Based on the harmony of seven physiological principles. Tabiyat is an individual's internal power to combat disease. Uses natural medicines from various biological sources.

    • Hypnotherapy: Uses altered consciousness to treat mental and physical issues (depression, anxiety, pain, habits).

    • Aromatherapy: Complementary therapy utilizing concentrated plant extracts (essential oils). Aims to promote well-being via stimulating brain's emotional centers.

    • Homeopathy: Alternative medicine based on "like cures like" and extreme dilutions, claimed to work with the body in a holistic way, but lacks strong scientific evidence.

    • Hydrotherapy: Uses water (warm/cold) as medicine promoting various health outcomes—pain relief, mental health improvement, and physical therapy.

    • Therapeutic Fasting: Abstinence from food for therapeutic reasons, with specific diets and prohibitions.

    • Music Therapy: Uses music to enhance well-being by promoting emotions, memories, and relaxation.

    Regulation of Herbal and Alternative Medicine

    • Regulation Rationale: Crucial to ensure quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal medicines, protect from adulteration. Many countries are now regulating herbal products due to growing usage.

    • Regulation Focus: Establishing standards for quality, safety, and efficacy; monitoring manufacturing practices; authorizing marketing; and establishing databases of researched medicinal plants.

    • Examples of Regulations: Europe aims towards centralized licensing; India/China regulate herbal medicinal products; US classifies herbal products based on therapeutic claims; Africa region promotes medicinal plant research and regulation.

    • NAFDAC Guidelines: Criteria for registration/listing, categorization of herbal products, and documentation to ensure quality, safety and efficacy.

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    Test your knowledge on metabolic and cardiovascular disorders with this quiz. Explore the causes, treatments, and lifestyle changes related to these health conditions. Challenge yourself with questions about natural products and hypnotherapy as well.

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