Lipid Disorders and Cardiovascular Health
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the risk factors for increased cardiovascular mortality?

  • Hyperphospholipidemia
  • Hypercholesterolemia
  • Hyperlipidemia (correct)
  • Hypertriglyceridemia

    • What is the primary function of apolipoproteins in lipid transport?

  • To solubilize lipids in plasma (correct)
  • To regulate lipid absorption in the gut
  • To store lipids in adipose tissue
  • To metabolize lipids in the liver

    • What is the main purpose of chylomicrons in lipid transport?

  • To transport lipids from adipose tissue to the liver
  • To transport endogenous lipids from the liver to peripheral tissues
  • To transport cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues
  • To transport dietary lipids from the gut to the liver (correct)

    • What are the two main lipids transported by lipoproteins?

    <p>Triglycerides and cholesterol esters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for lipids that are insoluble in water?

    <p>Hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the lipoprotein that transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver?

    <p>HDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the components of a full lipid profile?

    <p>Apo A1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a component of lipoproteins?

    <p>Ligands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate LDL cholesterol?

    <p>LDL-C = Total Cholesterol - (HDL-C + TG/2.2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Abeta-lipoproteinemia?

    <p>Absence of LDL, VLDL, and CM in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the threshold value of triglycerides above which the formula for LDL cholesterol is not accurate?

    <p>4.5 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the desirable range for total cholesterol?

    <p>&lt; 5.2 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for Hypo-beta-lipoproteinemia?

    <p>Apo B deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the reasons for checking the lipid profile?

    <p>Assess the risk for cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Tangier's disease?

    <p>Low HDL-C levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of triglycerides above 5.6 mmol/L?

    <p>Very high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for Familial Hypercholesterolemia?

    <p>Defect in LDL receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia?

    <p>Increased levels of IDL, CM remnants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of HDL cholesterol below 1.03 mmol/L in males?

    <p>Low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for Familial combined hyperlipidemia?

    <p>Overproduction of VLDL by liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is LDL cholesterol measured directly in the lab?

    <p>When triglycerides are above 4.5 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Familial hypertriglyceridemia?

    <p>Markedly elevated VLDL levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for Familial chylomicronaemia?

    <p>LPL deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the laboratory actually check in a Lipid Profile?

    <p>Triglycerides and cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lipid Disorders

    • Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality.

    Lipids in Plasma

    • Major lipids in plasma include:
      • Fatty acids (FA)
      • Triacylglycerols (TAG)
      • Sterols
      • Phospholipids

    Lipid Transport

    • Lipids are transported in plasma by associating with proteins (albumin and lipoproteins).
    • Lipoproteins have a hydrophobic center and a hydrophilic coat.
    • Components of lipoproteins include:
      • Triglycerides (TG)
      • Cholesterol ester
      • Phospholipids
      • Apolipoproteins

    Apolipoproteins

    • Functions of apolipoproteins:
      • Components of lipoproteins
      • Ligands for receptors
      • Cofactors for enzymes

    Lipoprotein Types

    • Chylomicron (dietary lipids): mucosal cells → peripheral tissues → liver
    • VLDL / LDL (lipid synthesized in liver): liver → peripheral tissues
    • HDL (cholesterol): peripheral tissues to liver (in liver: metabolism and storage)

    Lipid Disorders

    • Primary hyperlipidemia: genetics, appears early in life
    • Secondary hyperlipidemia: caused by another disorder in the body that increases lipid levels

    Rare Causes of Hypolipoproteinemia

    • Abetalipoproteinemia:
      • Caused by defect in apo B synthesis
      • Absence of LDL, VLDL, and CM in plasma
      • Clinical manifestations: fat malabsorption, retinitis pigmentosa, ataxic neuropathy
    • Hypobetalipoproteinemia:
      • Caused by apo B deficiency
      • Characterized by low LDL, VLDL, and CM levels
      • Decreased ASCVD risk
    • Alpha-Lipoprotein Deficiency or Tangier’s disease:
      • Caused by increased apo A-1 catabolism
      • Low HDL-C levels
      • Hyperplastic, orange tonsils

    Primary Causes of Lipoprotein Abnormalities

    • Familial Hypercholesterolemia:
      • Autosomal dominant condition
      • Defect in LDL receptor
      • High cholesterol from early childhood
      • Clinical manifestations: xanthelasma, tendon xanthomas, corneal arcus lipus
    • Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia:
      • Increased levels of IDL, CM remnants
      • Apo E-2/E-2 phenotype
      • Clinical manifestations: tubero-eruptive xanthomas
    • Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia:
      • Elevated VLDL and LDL
      • Overproduction of VLDL by liver
      • Clinical manifestations: cutaneous manifestations, increased risk of coronary artery disease
    • Familial Hypertriglyceridemia:
      • Markedly elevated VLDL
      • Normal LDL
      • Clinical manifestations: increased risk of coronary artery disease, pancreatitis
    • Familial Chylomicronemia:
      • Elevated chylomicrons in blood
      • LPL deficiency
      • Clinical manifestations: eruptive xanthomas, recurrent abdominal pain due to pancreatitis

    Laboratory Lipid Profile

    • Total cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides are measured directly in the lab
    • LDL cholesterol can be calculated using the equation: LDL-C = Total Cholesterol – (HDL-C + TG/2.2)

    Classification of Lipid Levels

    • Total cholesterol:
      • < 5.2 mmol/L: desirable
      • 5.2-6.2 mmol/L: borderline high
      • ≥ 6.2 mmol/L: high
    • LDL cholesterol:
      • < 2.6 mmol/L: optimal
      • 2.6-3.3 mmol/L: near optimal
      • 3.3-4.1 mmol/L: borderline high
      • ≥ 4.1 mmol/L: high
    • Triglycerides:
      • < 1.69 mmol/L: optimal
      • 1.7-2.3 mmol/L: near optimal
      • 2.3-4.5 mmol/L: borderline high
      • ≥ 4.5 mmol/L: high
    • HDL cholesterol:
      • < 1.03 mmol/L (males): low
      • < 1.3 mmol/L (females): low
      • ≥ 1.55 mmol/L: high

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    Description

    Quiz on lipid disorders, cardiovascular mortality, and lipid transportation in plasma. Topics include risk factors, types of lipids, and lipoproteins.

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