40 Questions
What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to spread to adjacent tissues?
Invasiveness
Which type of penetration occurs through the production of lytic substances that alter host tissue?
Active penetration
What is the term for the presence of viable bacteria in the blood?
Bacteremia
Which type of exotoxin destroys cardiac, kidney, and nervous tissues by inhibiting protein synthesis?
AB toxin
What is the specific host site exotoxin associated with two subunit types A and B?
AB toxin
Which toxin disrupts the normal metabolism of host cells?
Toxin
Which pathogen causes Chlamydial Pneumonia?
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
What are mycotoxins?
Toxins produced by fungi found in water-damaged buildings
What is the first line of treatment for Chlamydial Pneumonia?
Macrolides
Which disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila?
Legionnaires' Disease
What is the major bacterial cause of epidemic meningitis?
N.meningitidis
How is bacterial meningitis diagnosed?
Gram stain or culture of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What characteristic makes mycobacteria difficult to treat?
Resistance to penetration of some antibiotics due to mycolic acid in cell wall
How do Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections commonly present in HIV-positive patients?
Gastrointestinal infection
What is the most common method for diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Tuberculin Skin Test
How is tuberculosis primarily transmitted?
By respiratory droplets and aerosols
What treatment approach is used for tuberculosis to decrease the development of drug resistance?
Combination antimicrobial therapy with four drugs for 6 to 8 weeks, then two drugs for 6 months
What characteristic differentiates N.meningitidis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis from each other?
Mode of transmission
Which bacterial infection is commonly observed in elderly patients with preexisting pulmonary disease or suppressed immune systems?
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection
What makes the spread of tuberculosis difficult to control?
Reactivation tuberculosis due to bacteria reactivating at initial infection site
What is the most effective method to control the spread of pertussis?
Acellular vaccine with boosters
Which of the following is a symptom of pertussis infection?
Fever, malaise, uncontrollable cough, and cyanosis
What is the causative agent of whooping cough?
Gram-negative Bordetella pertussis
Which bacterial toxin impacts electrolyte balance during pertussis infection?
Pertussis toxin
What is the primary method for diagnosing streptococcal pharyngitis?
Rapid test kits
Which streptococcal enzyme breaks down host molecules?
Streptokinases
What is the most common cause of permanent heart valve damage in children?
Rheumatic fever
Which stage of pertussis infection is characterized by prolonged coughing sieges?
Paroxysmal stage
How can streptococcal diseases like strep throat be spread?
By droplets of saliva or nasal secretions
What is the main reason for the reduction in homelessness and drug abuse in controlling the spread of pertussis?
It reduces the number of susceptible individuals in the population
What is the incubation period of an infectious disease?
The time between pathogen entry and development of signs and symptoms
Which type of pathogen only grows inside host cells?
Obligate intracellular pathogen
What is the role of a vector in spreading disease?
Transferring infectious agent between hosts
Which factor affects the success of transmission in terms of the number of invading organisms?
Infectious dose 50 (ID50)
What is tropism in the context of infectious diseases?
The pathogen's need to make contact with appropriate host tissue
Which type of pathogen may be part of normal microbiota but causes disease when the host is immunocompromised?
Opportunistic pathogen
What is the infectious dose 50 (ID50) used to measure?
Number of invading organisms
During which stage is the disease most severe and displays disease-specific signs and symptoms?
Illness period
What term is used for an organism that spreads disease from one host to another?
Vector
What are the characteristics of dormant pathogens that cause disease when the host is immunocompromised?
They are classified as opportunistic pathogens
Test your knowledge of meningitis, an inflammation of the brain or spinal cord meninges. Learn about its causes, diagnosis, and clinical manifestations including vomiting, headache, confusion, and sensitivity to light.
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