Meningitis: Causes and Clinical Manifestations

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What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to spread to adjacent tissues?

Colonization

Penetration

Infectivity

Invasiveness (correct)

Which type of penetration occurs through the production of lytic substances that alter host tissue?

Active penetration (correct)

Cellular penetration

Passive penetration

Extracellular penetration

What is the term for the presence of viable bacteria in the blood?

Bacteremia (correct)

Endotoxin

Toxigenicity

Septicemia

Which type of exotoxin destroys cardiac, kidney, and nervous tissues by inhibiting protein synthesis?

AB toxin Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific host site exotoxin associated with two subunit types A and B?

AB toxin Signup and view all the answers

Which toxin disrupts the normal metabolism of host cells?

Toxin Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen causes Chlamydial Pneumonia?

Chlamydophila pneumoniae Signup and view all the answers

What are mycotoxins?

Toxins produced by fungi found in water-damaged buildings Signup and view all the answers

What is the first line of treatment for Chlamydial Pneumonia?

Macrolides Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila?

Legionnaires' Disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the major bacterial cause of epidemic meningitis?

N.meningitidis Signup and view all the answers

How is bacterial meningitis diagnosed?

Gram stain or culture of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic makes mycobacteria difficult to treat?

Resistance to penetration of some antibiotics due to mycolic acid in cell wall Signup and view all the answers

How do Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections commonly present in HIV-positive patients?

Gastrointestinal infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common method for diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Tuberculin Skin Test Signup and view all the answers

How is tuberculosis primarily transmitted?

By respiratory droplets and aerosols Signup and view all the answers

What treatment approach is used for tuberculosis to decrease the development of drug resistance?

Combination antimicrobial therapy with four drugs for 6 to 8 weeks, then two drugs for 6 months Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates N.meningitidis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis from each other?

Mode of transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial infection is commonly observed in elderly patients with preexisting pulmonary disease or suppressed immune systems?

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection Signup and view all the answers

What makes the spread of tuberculosis difficult to control?

Reactivation tuberculosis due to bacteria reactivating at initial infection site Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective method to control the spread of pertussis?

Acellular vaccine with boosters Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of pertussis infection?

Fever, malaise, uncontrollable cough, and cyanosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of whooping cough?

Gram-negative Bordetella pertussis Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial toxin impacts electrolyte balance during pertussis infection?

Pertussis toxin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for diagnosing streptococcal pharyngitis?

Rapid test kits Signup and view all the answers

Which streptococcal enzyme breaks down host molecules?

Streptokinases Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of permanent heart valve damage in children?

Rheumatic fever Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of pertussis infection is characterized by prolonged coughing sieges?

Paroxysmal stage Signup and view all the answers

How can streptococcal diseases like strep throat be spread?

By droplets of saliva or nasal secretions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the reduction in homelessness and drug abuse in controlling the spread of pertussis?

It reduces the number of susceptible individuals in the population Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period of an infectious disease?

The time between pathogen entry and development of signs and symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pathogen only grows inside host cells?

Obligate intracellular pathogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a vector in spreading disease?

Transferring infectious agent between hosts Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects the success of transmission in terms of the number of invading organisms?

Infectious dose 50 (ID50) Signup and view all the answers

What is tropism in the context of infectious diseases?

The pathogen's need to make contact with appropriate host tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pathogen may be part of normal microbiota but causes disease when the host is immunocompromised?

Opportunistic pathogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the infectious dose 50 (ID50) used to measure?

Number of invading organisms Signup and view all the answers

During which stage is the disease most severe and displays disease-specific signs and symptoms?

Illness period Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for an organism that spreads disease from one host to another?

Vector Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of dormant pathogens that cause disease when the host is immunocompromised?

They are classified as opportunistic pathogens Signup and view all the answers