Memory Encoding and Retrieval Conditions Quiz

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which type of rehearsal involves repeating information without consideration of meaning or connection to other information?

Semantic rehearsal

Elaborative rehearsal

Maintenance rehearsal (correct)

Consolidation rehearsal

What is the primary outcome of using elaborative rehearsal compared to maintenance rehearsal?

No difference in memory

Better memory (correct)

Worse memory

Faster retrieval

Which type of coding is associated with Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Motor coding

Auditory coding

Visual coding

Semantic coding (correct)

What is the process of transferring information from LTM to working memory called?

Retrieval Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of transforming memories from a fragile state to a more permanent state called?

Consolidation/reconsolidation Signup and view all the answers

What was the practical outcome of the reconsolidation study by Brunet et al. (2008)?

Memory for the traumatic event can be unstored using propranolol Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the PTSD study using virtual reality as exposure therapy?

Group A showed smaller increases in heart rate and skin conductance after a week Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the study by Hupbach et al. (2007) on memory reconsolidation?

The 'Reminder' group recalled 36% of list 1 on Day 3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of propranolol in the reconsolidation of traumatic memories?

Blocks activation of stress hormone receptors in the amygdala Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of administering propranolol to Group A in the PTSD study using virtual reality exposure therapy?

Group A showed smaller physiological reactions a week later Signup and view all the answers

Which study demonstrated the impact of visual imagery on encoding and memory recall?

Bower & Winzenz in 1970 Signup and view all the answers

Who presented words to subjects and tested memory recall based on different question types in 1975?

Craik & Tulving Signup and view all the answers

Which factor enhances memory when words are linked to the self, as shown in 1977?

Rogers et al. Signup and view all the answers

Who demonstrated that actively generating material enhances learning and memory in 1978?

Slameka & Graf Signup and view all the answers

Which study showed that organizing information aids memory recall, as demonstrated in 1969?

Bower et al. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor gives an advantage to distinctive stimuli in encoding?

The von Restorff Effect Signup and view all the answers

What did the study comparing word learning groups demonstrate?

Relating words to survival value aids encoding Signup and view all the answers

What did the study by Tulving & Pearlstone show about recall procedures?

Cued recall with retrieval cues resulted in increased performance compared to free recall Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as the most effective method for remembering materials?

Practicing retrieval through testing Signup and view all the answers

What is highlighted as aiding the transfer of information from long-term memory back into working memory?

The richness of representations in memory Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about memory consolidation is supported by the text?

Memories become fragile when retrieved and need to be consolidated again during reconsolidation, allowing for updates to take place Signup and view all the answers

What does graded amnesia demonstrate about memory fragility?

Recent memory is more fragile than remote memory due to the gradual decrease in connections between the hippocampus and cortical areas Signup and view all the answers

What happens to memory consolidation during sleep?

Consolidation appears to be enhanced during sleep, with memory retention being better after sleep if the individual expected to be tested Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory formation according to the standard model of consolidation?

The hippocampus is responsible for reactivating neural activity associated with memory in the network connecting the hippocampus and the cortex Signup and view all the answers

What can be established in the neocortex and survive damage to the hippocampus?

Semantic (gist) information Signup and view all the answers

In the context of memory retrieval, what does the encoding specificity principle refer to?

The encoding of information along with its contextual details Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment demonstrated the importance of encoding specificity?

The 'diving experiment' and 'noisy/quiet learning experiment' Signup and view all the answers

What does Morris' experiment suggest about the depth of processing at encoding?

Deep processing at encoding does not always lead to better retrieval Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is best described by the statement 'distributed practice increases memory performance'?

Spacing effect Signup and view all the answers

Which type of consolidation involves the rapid occurrence at synapses after learning?

Synaptic consolidation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Memory Encoding and Retrieval: Conditions and Mechanisms

Matching conditions at retrieval to those at encoding can increase retrieval
Three ways to achieve matching: encoding specificity, state-dependent learning, and transfer-appropriate processing
Encoding specificity: encoding information along with its context, demonstrated in the "diving experiment" and "noisy/quiet learning experiment"
State-dependent learning: memory is better when the internal state during retrieval matches that during encoding, as shown in the "happy/sad mood when testing" experiment
Transfer-appropriate processing: memory task results are better when the processing type used during encoding matches that during retrieval, as demonstrated in Morris' experiment
Morris' experiment shows that deeper processing at encoding does not always result in better retrieval
Spacing effect in learning: distributed practice increases memory performance
Consolidation: process that transforms new memories from a fragile to a more permanent state
Müller and Pilzecker's study on consolidation showed that the delay group learned better with a delay time, as immediately presenting the second list interrupted the forming of a stable memory for the first list
Two types of consolidation: synaptic consolidation occurs at synapses rapidly, while systems consolidation involves gradual reorganization of brain circuits
Information storage at the synapse: learning and memory represented in the brain by physiological changes at the synapse
Long-term potentiation (LTP): repeated stimulation makes synapse response more enhanced, resulting in neural records of an experience

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge of memory encoding and retrieval conditions and mechanisms with this quiz. Explore concepts such as encoding specificity, state-dependent learning, transfer-appropriate processing, the spacing effect, consolidation, and long-term potentiation. See how well you understand the matching of retrieval conditions to those at encoding, and the impact of different processing types on memory performance.