Memory and Its Three Stages: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

Working Memory

• The capacity of working memory is limited, according to the Baddeley Model.
• The phonological loop is the component of working memory responsible for storing verbal content.
• The central executive is responsible for regulating cognitive processes and intervening when they go astray, according to the Baddeley Model.

Types of Memory

• Episodic memory stores events from our own personal past.
• Primacy and recency effects refer to people's tendency to recall items from the end and beginning of a list better than those in the middle.
• Implicit memory involves unconsciously remembering information through automatic processing.
• Short-term memory temporarily holds information for immediate use.

Processing and Memory

• Explicit processing is involved in consciously recollecting previous facts at a particular time and place.
• The central executive system regulates cognitive processes and intervenes when they go astray.

Sensory Memory

• The function of sensory memory is to record information from the senses before it moves to long-term storage.
• The main characteristic of iconic memory is that it has a very short duration, typically less than a second.
• Information in short-term memory is conscious and subject to decay.

Memory Stages

• The three stages of memory are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Sperling's Study

• The whole reporting condition in Sperling's study involves presenting participants with a brief visual array and asking them to recall all the items in the array.

Sensory Modalities

• The olfactory system is related to the sensory modality of smell.

Characteristics of Memory

• The main characteristic of short-term memory is that it has limited capacity and information is easily lost.
• The main characteristic of sensory memory is that it is a brief and initial storage of information from the senses.