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Questions and Answers
What is the dried ripe fruit of Carum carvi commonly known as?
What is the dried ripe fruit of Carum carvi commonly known as?
What type of test does Caraway give a positive result for?
What type of test does Caraway give a positive result for?
Which chemical group is indicated by a positive Mayer's test?
Which chemical group is indicated by a positive Mayer's test?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Caraway?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Caraway?
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What part of the Carum carvi plant is primarily used?
What part of the Carum carvi plant is primarily used?
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What is a primary benefit of coumarins as mentioned in the context?
What is a primary benefit of coumarins as mentioned in the context?
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Which compound is primarily found in coriander's volatile oil?
Which compound is primarily found in coriander's volatile oil?
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How are coumarins utilized in the treatment of bronchitis?
How are coumarins utilized in the treatment of bronchitis?
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Which population group benefits most from cough remedies that include coumarins?
Which population group benefits most from cough remedies that include coumarins?
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In what context are volatile oils, such as those from coriander, typically mentioned?
In what context are volatile oils, such as those from coriander, typically mentioned?
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What is a significant reason for the obsolescence of hemlock?
What is a significant reason for the obsolescence of hemlock?
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Which of the following compounds is a type of coniine?
Which of the following compounds is a type of coniine?
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Which of these is considered a toxic component found in hemlock?
Which of these is considered a toxic component found in hemlock?
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What method is implied to be necessary in the context of hemlock?
What method is implied to be necessary in the context of hemlock?
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Which of the following is NOT a coniine related compound mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a coniine related compound mentioned?
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What is the primary component of the essential oil found in Dill?
What is the primary component of the essential oil found in Dill?
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Which plant species is Dill derived from?
Which plant species is Dill derived from?
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What is the range of essential oil concentration in Dill?
What is the range of essential oil concentration in Dill?
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Which of the following is NOT a constituent of Dill's essential oil?
Which of the following is NOT a constituent of Dill's essential oil?
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What is the date mentioned in the document?
What is the date mentioned in the document?
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What is the primary effect of very high doses of the toxic plant mentioned?
What is the primary effect of very high doses of the toxic plant mentioned?
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What type of alkaloids are contained in the toxic plant?
What type of alkaloids are contained in the toxic plant?
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Which of these statements accurately describes the consequences of consuming the toxic plant?
Which of these statements accurately describes the consequences of consuming the toxic plant?
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What is the risk associated with high doses of the toxic plant?
What is the risk associated with high doses of the toxic plant?
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What is likely to happen when the toxic plant is consumed in very high doses?
What is likely to happen when the toxic plant is consumed in very high doses?
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What condition is NOT commonly treated with flavonoids?
What condition is NOT commonly treated with flavonoids?
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Which of the following is a traditional use of flavonoids?
Which of the following is a traditional use of flavonoids?
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Which statement best describes the contraindications of flavonoids?
Which statement best describes the contraindications of flavonoids?
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What gastrointestinal problem is flavonoid use indicated for?
What gastrointestinal problem is flavonoid use indicated for?
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Study Notes
Medicinal Fruits
- Medicinal fruits are the mature, ripened ovaries of flowers. Their function is to protect, nourish, and facilitate the dispersal of seeds.
Active Constituents
- Medicinal fruits contain various active components, including volatile oils, flavonoids, phytosterols, anthracene derivatives, bitters, and alkaloids.
Medicinal Fruits Containing Volatile Oils
- Specific examples of medicinal fruits containing volatile oils include those from the Apiaceae family (e.g., fennel, cumin, caraway, coriander, dill).
- Other fruit types include Bitter orange peel, Saw palmetto, Senna pod, Colocynth fruits, Piperaceae fruits, Cassia pod, Hops, Capsicum, Poppy capsule, Cocculus.
Family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
- Aromatic odor is a characteristic of volatile oils in this family.
- Examples from this family include fennel, cumin, caraway, anise, and dill. Specific examples include;
- A. majus, A. visnaga, Dill
Active Constituents of Anise
- Anise fruit has a volatile oil (2-6%) that includes:
- 84-93% trans-anethole.
- 0.5-6.0% estragole.
- 0.1-1.5% linalool.
- 0.1-3.5% p-anisaldehyde.
- In addition to the oils, the plant also contains coumarins and flavonoids.
Medicinal Uses of Anise
- Anise is used in treating dyspepsia.
- It is a carminative.
- It treats mild respiratory tract inflammation.
- Traditional use: oestrogenic effect, increased milk secretion, and mentrual promotion.
Contraindications of Anise
- Anethole and anise allergy can cause nasal irritation.
- Should not be used during pregnancy, as it has a traditional reputation for abortifacient and lactation promotion, but no concerns appear when amounts are used typically in foods.
Hemlock as an Adulterant for Anise
- Dried unripe fruit of Conium maculatum is a toxic plant used as an adulterant in anise.
- Contains toxic alkaloids, including coniine and N-methylconiine and gamma-coniceine.
- Ingesting toxic quantities can cause symptoms like burning mouth, throat irritation, visual difficulties, and weakness in legs. High doses may cause death, respiratory paralysis.
How to Detect Hemlock adulteration
- A positive Mayer's test for alkaloids will indicate the presence of hemlock.
Caraway: Constituents and Medicinal Uses
- Caraway contains volatile oil (4-7%), including:
- D-(+)-carvone
- Carveol
- D-(+)limonene.
- Includes fixed oil, polysaccharides, proteins. Also contains coumarins (in traces).
- Medicinal uses include treating digestive complaints, antispasmodic effects, treatment of bronchitis, and treatment for infants (flatulent colic).
Coriander: Constituents and Uses
- Coriander’s volatile oil contains mainly linalol.
- Flavonoids are another component in coriander.
- Coriander’s medicinal use is as a carminative for GIT disorders.
Dill: Constituents
- Contains an essential oil (2-5%), containing:
- Carvone (20-60%)
- Dihydrocarvone
- 1,8-cineole
- p-cymene
- Limonene
- Also includes flavonoids
Dill: Medicinal Uses and Contraindications
- Traditionally, dill is used to treat dyspepsia, gastritis, flatulence and stomachache.
- It is also a component in "Gripe Water", used to treat infant flatulence
- Historically, extracts have been used in contraceptives. This is not recommended during pregnancy.
Ammi visnaga Constituents
- Contains y-pyrones (furanochromone derivatives) (up to 4%).
- Khellin (0.3–1.2%)
- Ammiol
- Khellol
- Khellinin (0.3–1.0%)
- Coumarins (0.2-0.5%)
- Visnadin (0.3%)
- Essential oil with camphor, a-terpineol, linalool
- Fixed oil up to 18%
Chemical Test for Khellin
- A chemical test for Khellin (0.1 gm powdered khella+5 ml water) produces a rose-red color when combined with pellet KOH.
Precautions (Ammi majus)
- Exposure to UV light should be avoided during treatment; khellin causes photosensitivity.
Ammi majus Constituents
- Furanocoumarins:
- Xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen, ammoidin) up to 1.15%
- Imperatorin (ammidin) up to 0.75%
- Bergapten (majudin, 5-MOP) upto 1.88%
Detection of Furanocoumarins and y-pyrones
- Detect Furanocoumarins using UV light; they show blue fluorescence
- Detect y-pyrones (furanochromones) in a similar method, detecting no blue fluorescence.
Medicinal Uses of Ammi majus, Ammi visnaga
- Treatment for skin disorders (e.g., vitiligo, psoriasis).
- PUVA therapy (psoralen plus UVA).
Contraindications of Ammi majjus, Ammi visnaga
- Patients with photosensitivity, cataracts, and squamous cell cancer.
- Pregnant women and nursing mothers.
- Children under the age of 12.
- People with liver and kidney diseases, HIV infections, other autoimmune diseases.
Warnings for Ammi majus, Ammi visnaga
- Lotions should be applied only under a physician's supervision
- Should avoid direct or indirect sunlight for at least 24 hours prior to treatment, and 48 hours following treatment.
- Protective clothing and/or sunscreen should be worn.
- Foods that contain these coumarins (e.g., lemons, parsley, celery, carrots) should be avoided.
Drug Interactions
- Toxicity from furanocoumarins can increase if administered alongside other photosensitizing agents (e.g., sulfanilamides, tetracyclines, thiazides).
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of medicinal fruits and their various active constituents. Learn about specific families such as Apiaceae and discover examples of fruits containing volatile oils and other beneficial compounds. This quiz will deepen your understanding of how these fruits can contribute to health and wellness.
