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Questions and Answers
The patient was administered 100 mg of methotrexate.
The patient was administered 100 mg of methotrexate.
False
The medication error was identified by the pharmacy three days after the initial dosage was recorded.
The medication error was identified by the pharmacy three days after the initial dosage was recorded.
False
A serious problem related to methotrexate was revealed after the doctor reviewed the blood count results.
A serious problem related to methotrexate was revealed after the doctor reviewed the blood count results.
True
Medication errors are most commonly reported during the prescribing stage.
Medication errors are most commonly reported during the prescribing stage.
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The death certificate indicated that the cause of death was due to a medication error.
The death certificate indicated that the cause of death was due to a medication error.
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Amantadine and Amiodarone were mistakenly administered to the patient for Parkinson's treatment.
Amantadine and Amiodarone were mistakenly administered to the patient for Parkinson's treatment.
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The patient received naloxone but showed an immediate improvement in respiratory depression.
The patient received naloxone but showed an immediate improvement in respiratory depression.
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Using abbreviations when prescribing medication can help reduce errors.
Using abbreviations when prescribing medication can help reduce errors.
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Tall man lettering can be used to differentiate similar-sounding medication names.
Tall man lettering can be used to differentiate similar-sounding medication names.
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Including the indication for a medication on a prescription can add clarity and reduce errors.
Including the indication for a medication on a prescription can add clarity and reduce errors.
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Medication errors are often considered unavoidable and occur frequently in healthcare.
Medication errors are often considered unavoidable and occur frequently in healthcare.
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The majority of medication errors result from inadequate prescribing skills.
The majority of medication errors result from inadequate prescribing skills.
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A supportive safety culture can help enhance the reporting rate of medication errors.
A supportive safety culture can help enhance the reporting rate of medication errors.
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There are no methods available to avoid medication errors.
There are no methods available to avoid medication errors.
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Patient empowerment is irrelevant when it comes to medication safety.
Patient empowerment is irrelevant when it comes to medication safety.
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The error rate for prescribing medicines among Year 1 doctors is 8.9%.
The error rate for prescribing medicines among Year 1 doctors is 8.9%.
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Almost all prescribing errors were intercepted by pharmacists.
Almost all prescribing errors were intercepted by pharmacists.
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Potentially lethal errors were found in more than 2% of prescriptions.
Potentially lethal errors were found in more than 2% of prescriptions.
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Illegible handwriting can lead to prescribing errors.
Illegible handwriting can lead to prescribing errors.
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The total number of medication orders investigated in the EQUIP study was 124,260.
The total number of medication orders investigated in the EQUIP study was 124,260.
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Drug interactions with other prescriptions are not considered a prescribing error.
Drug interactions with other prescriptions are not considered a prescribing error.
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The total number of reports of medication errors was 6,179.
The total number of reports of medication errors was 6,179.
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Electronic prescribing errors can include wrong medication and wrong strength.
Electronic prescribing errors can include wrong medication and wrong strength.
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Pharmacies should stock medications with packaging that is prone to SALAD errors.
Pharmacies should stock medications with packaging that is prone to SALAD errors.
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Errors are solely caused by bad people.
Errors are solely caused by bad people.
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Vincristine was administered intravenously in the case report.
Vincristine was administered intravenously in the case report.
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The aviation industry designs systems expecting things to go wrong.
The aviation industry designs systems expecting things to go wrong.
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High rates of reporting and shared learning are common in health care.
High rates of reporting and shared learning are common in health care.
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Error-producing conditions are influenced by environmental, team, and individual factors.
Error-producing conditions are influenced by environmental, team, and individual factors.
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Practice makes perfect, leading to no errors among highly trained professionals.
Practice makes perfect, leading to no errors among highly trained professionals.
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It is viewed as easier to change people than to change situations in error management.
It is viewed as easier to change people than to change situations in error management.
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The error rate of prescribing medications among Year 1 doctors is higher than that of all doctors combined.
The error rate of prescribing medications among Year 1 doctors is higher than that of all doctors combined.
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Potentially lethal medication errors were found in over 2% of prescriptions.
Potentially lethal medication errors were found in over 2% of prescriptions.
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Illegible handwriting is a recognized factor contributing to prescribing errors.
Illegible handwriting is a recognized factor contributing to prescribing errors.
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All medication errors are detected before they affect patient care.
All medication errors are detected before they affect patient care.
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Drug interactions are not considered prescribing errors.
Drug interactions are not considered prescribing errors.
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An in-depth investigation into prescribing errors included 19 hospitals and found over 11,000 errors.
An in-depth investigation into prescribing errors included 19 hospitals and found over 11,000 errors.
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Electronic prescribing errors include mistakes in medication strength.
Electronic prescribing errors include mistakes in medication strength.
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Nearly half of the medication orders in the EQUIP study contained errors.
Nearly half of the medication orders in the EQUIP study contained errors.
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The prescribing competency framework is critical in guiding doctors to avoid medication errors.
The prescribing competency framework is critical in guiding doctors to avoid medication errors.
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Prescribing errors are most commonly identified during the dispensing phase.
Prescribing errors are most commonly identified during the dispensing phase.
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The case of the Cambridgeshire Inquiry highlights an error that involved a prescription for an incorrect dosage of methotrexate.
The case of the Cambridgeshire Inquiry highlights an error that involved a prescription for an incorrect dosage of methotrexate.
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Patients are never involved in the medication use process.
Patients are never involved in the medication use process.
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Doctors, pharmacists, and nurses all play a part in the transcribing phase of medication use.
Doctors, pharmacists, and nurses all play a part in the transcribing phase of medication use.
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Error reduction strategies are solely the responsibility of pharmacists in the medication use process.
Error reduction strategies are solely the responsibility of pharmacists in the medication use process.
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Monitoring of patients after medication administration is primarily done by pharmacists.
Monitoring of patients after medication administration is primarily done by pharmacists.
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Healthcare professionals should collaborate to ensure medication safety and reduce errors.
Healthcare professionals should collaborate to ensure medication safety and reduce errors.
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Poor handwriting of a prescriber can lead to incorrect medication dosages being administered.
Poor handwriting of a prescriber can lead to incorrect medication dosages being administered.
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Trailling zeros should always be used when prescribing medication.
Trailling zeros should always be used when prescribing medication.
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The unit 'l' for liter can be mistaken for the number 1.
The unit 'l' for liter can be mistaken for the number 1.
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Quantities of less than 1 gram should be expressed in milliliters.
Quantities of less than 1 gram should be expressed in milliliters.
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Sound-alike drug pairs have no impact on medication errors.
Sound-alike drug pairs have no impact on medication errors.
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Using the abbreviation 'U' for units is often safe in medication prescriptions.
Using the abbreviation 'U' for units is often safe in medication prescriptions.
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Include a leading zero before decimal points in medication dosing to avoid confusion.
Include a leading zero before decimal points in medication dosing to avoid confusion.
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The abbreviation 'ng' is correctly used to represent nanograms.
The abbreviation 'ng' is correctly used to represent nanograms.
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A medication error can occur if dosages are not monitored and checked properly.
A medication error can occur if dosages are not monitored and checked properly.
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Amantadine was prescribed for Parkinson's treatment, while Amiodarone was mistakenly given in the hospital.
Amantadine was prescribed for Parkinson's treatment, while Amiodarone was mistakenly given in the hospital.
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Best practices recommend using abbreviations and symbols for medication to reduce errors.
Best practices recommend using abbreviations and symbols for medication to reduce errors.
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The patient who received naloxone showed immediate improvement in respiratory depression.
The patient who received naloxone showed immediate improvement in respiratory depression.
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Using abbreviations in medication prescribing can enhance clarity and reduce errors.
Using abbreviations in medication prescribing can enhance clarity and reduce errors.
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Tall man lettering is suggested to differentiate between high-alert SALAD pair medication names.
Tall man lettering is suggested to differentiate between high-alert SALAD pair medication names.
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Including the indication for a medication on a prescription does not contribute to clarity.
Including the indication for a medication on a prescription does not contribute to clarity.
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The model of accident causation includes active failures such as slips, lapses, and mistakes.
The model of accident causation includes active failures such as slips, lapses, and mistakes.
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The aviation industry typically designs systems with the expectation that everything will go right.
The aviation industry typically designs systems with the expectation that everything will go right.
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Vincristine was mistakenly administered to a patient intrathecally instead of intravenously.
Vincristine was mistakenly administered to a patient intrathecally instead of intravenously.
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Errors made by highly trained professionals are usually negligible and do not cause significant outcomes.
Errors made by highly trained professionals are usually negligible and do not cause significant outcomes.
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The phrase 'humans make mistakes because the systems they work in are poorly designed' suggests that system design plays a crucial role in error occurrence.
The phrase 'humans make mistakes because the systems they work in are poorly designed' suggests that system design plays a crucial role in error occurrence.
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Shopping for safety means that pharmacies should actively stock medications that are associated with SALAD errors.
Shopping for safety means that pharmacies should actively stock medications that are associated with SALAD errors.
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Errors in healthcare are both random and highly variable according to the common understanding.
Errors in healthcare are both random and highly variable according to the common understanding.
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It is generally believed that it is easier to change organizational processes than to change individual behaviors.
It is generally believed that it is easier to change organizational processes than to change individual behaviors.
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The hospital pharmacy confirmed the methotrexate dosage as 100 mg before administration.
The hospital pharmacy confirmed the methotrexate dosage as 100 mg before administration.
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Methotrexate usage is not typically associated with gastrointestinal complications.
Methotrexate usage is not typically associated with gastrointestinal complications.
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Medication errors during the administration stage account for a higher percentage than those during transcribing.
Medication errors during the administration stage account for a higher percentage than those during transcribing.
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The nurse's suggestion that methotrexate may be causing the patient's condition occurred on the same day as the last administration of the drug.
The nurse's suggestion that methotrexate may be causing the patient's condition occurred on the same day as the last administration of the drug.
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Pancytopenia is a condition that can result from medication errors in drug administration.
Pancytopenia is a condition that can result from medication errors in drug administration.
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The GP inadvertently wrote a prescription for 10 mg tablets to be taken once weekly.
The GP inadvertently wrote a prescription for 10 mg tablets to be taken once weekly.
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Pharmacists are involved in both the dispensing and monitoring phases of the medication-use process.
Pharmacists are involved in both the dispensing and monitoring phases of the medication-use process.
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Error reduction strategies in the medication-use process only involve healthcare professionals, not patients.
Error reduction strategies in the medication-use process only involve healthcare professionals, not patients.
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The incident in the Cambridgeshire Inquiry shows that an error remained on the computer-held record after being crossed off by a GP.
The incident in the Cambridgeshire Inquiry shows that an error remained on the computer-held record after being crossed off by a GP.
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All doctors, dieticians, and pharmacists are involved in the prescribing phase of the medication-use process.
All doctors, dieticians, and pharmacists are involved in the prescribing phase of the medication-use process.
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Methotrexate can be administered both orally and intravenously.
Methotrexate can be administered both orally and intravenously.
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Monitoring patients after medication administration falls under the sole responsibility of nurses.
Monitoring patients after medication administration falls under the sole responsibility of nurses.
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The prescribing competency framework is designed to help healthcare professionals improve their prescribing skills and minimize errors.
The prescribing competency framework is designed to help healthcare professionals improve their prescribing skills and minimize errors.
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The error rate of prescribing medicines among Year 1 doctors is lower than that of all doctors combined.
The error rate of prescribing medicines among Year 1 doctors is lower than that of all doctors combined.
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All prescribing errors are necessarily intercepted before they can affect patient care.
All prescribing errors are necessarily intercepted before they can affect patient care.
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Less than 2% of prescriptions contained potentially lethal errors according to the study conducted.
Less than 2% of prescriptions contained potentially lethal errors according to the study conducted.
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Illegible handwriting is not considered a significant factor in prescribing errors.
Illegible handwriting is not considered a significant factor in prescribing errors.
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The EQUIP study documented that the total number of medication orders investigated across all participating hospitals was 150,000.
The EQUIP study documented that the total number of medication orders investigated across all participating hospitals was 150,000.
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The majority of medication errors occur during the prescribing phase rather than during dispensing.
The majority of medication errors occur during the prescribing phase rather than during dispensing.
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Electronic prescribing errors can only include issues with medication types and not with medication strengths.
Electronic prescribing errors can only include issues with medication types and not with medication strengths.
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The total number of reports of medication errors in the study was below 5,000.
The total number of reports of medication errors in the study was below 5,000.
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Errors are inherently beneficial due to the learning opportunities they provide.
Errors are inherently beneficial due to the learning opportunities they provide.
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The designs in the health sector primarily account for the expectation that things will not go wrong.
The designs in the health sector primarily account for the expectation that things will not go wrong.
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Active failures refer to the underlying causes of errors rather than the errors themselves.
Active failures refer to the underlying causes of errors rather than the errors themselves.
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Changing situations is often seen as more challenging than changing people in the context of error management.
Changing situations is often seen as more challenging than changing people in the context of error management.
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Vincristine is typically administered intravenously and is only safe to use through that route.
Vincristine is typically administered intravenously and is only safe to use through that route.
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Poorly designed systems can contribute significantly to human errors in professional settings.
Poorly designed systems can contribute significantly to human errors in professional settings.
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Highly trained professionals are less prone to making errors due to their extensive experience.
Highly trained professionals are less prone to making errors due to their extensive experience.
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Latent conditions refer to visible symptoms of errors occurring.
Latent conditions refer to visible symptoms of errors occurring.
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Medication errors are considered the most preventable causes of patient injury.
Medication errors are considered the most preventable causes of patient injury.
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Improving prescribing skills is necessary to minimize the occurrence of medication errors.
Improving prescribing skills is necessary to minimize the occurrence of medication errors.
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A safety culture that discourages reporting medication errors can lead to better patient safety.
A safety culture that discourages reporting medication errors can lead to better patient safety.
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The rate of reporting medication errors is high due to a lack of investigation into their causes.
The rate of reporting medication errors is high due to a lack of investigation into their causes.
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The conclusions emphasize that medication errors have multifactorial and multidisciplinary origins.
The conclusions emphasize that medication errors have multifactorial and multidisciplinary origins.
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Study Notes
Medication Errors
- Medication errors are preventable events that lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm.
- Medication errors are most common during the prescribing and administration stages
- Medication errors can also occur during transcribing and dispensing medication.
- Incorrect dosing, drug interactions, illegible handwriting, and electronic prescribing errors are common examples of prescribing errors.
EQUIP
- 8.9% of medication orders from 19 hospitals contained errors over a period of 124,260 medication orders.
- Almost all errors were intercepted by pharmacists before they could affect patient care.
- Potentially lethal prescription errors were found in less than 2% of prescriptions.
Strategies to Reduce Errors
- Legibility: Do not abbreviate medication names, specify the exact dose, and consider using “tall man” lettering (e.g. OxyCONTIN®, OxyNORM®).
- Avoid Verbal Orders: Avoid giving or accepting verbal medication orders or prescriptions.
- Pharmacy Stocking: Pharmacies should avoid stocking medication with packaging prone to similar-looking errors.
The Seven Myths of Human Error
- Errors are Intrinsically Bad: Errors are not inherently bad.
- Bad Errors are Made by Bad People: This is untrue, errors are often system-related.
- Errors are Random and Highly Variable: There are usually underlying causes.
- Practice Makes Perfect: People may get better over time but errors can still occur.
- Errors of Highly Trained Professionals are Very Rare: High-level professionals can make mistakes too.
- Errors of Highly Trained Professionals are Usually Sufficient to Cause Bad Outcomes: It is not the error itself but the system design that can lead to bad outcomes.
- It is Easier to Change People than Situations: Changing system design and processes is often more effective than trying to change people.
Reason's Model of Accident Causation
- Latent Conditions: These are usually long-term problems within an organization, like poor communication or inadequate training, which can contribute to errors.
- Error Producing Conditions: These are environmental, team, individual or task factors that affect performance and can contribute to errors.
- Active Failures: These are the actual errors that happen (e.g. a slip, a mistake, a violation).
Error Reduction Strategies
- Prescribing Safety Assessment (PSA): A tool for assessing prescribing skills and minimizing errors. It covers 8 sections and 60 items, designed for a total 120 minutes.
- Patient Empowerment: It is important to empower patients to be active participants in their own medication safety.
Key Takeaways
- To err is human, to cover up is unforgivable but to fail to learn is inexcusable.
- Medication errors are preventable and improving systems and processes is crucial.
- Medication errors can have serious consequences, but by sharing learning and focusing on prevention, we can improve patient safety.
The Medication-Use Process
- The process includes prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administering, and monitoring medications.
- All healthcare professionals are involved in this process, including doctors, pharmacists, nurses, and dieticians.
The Prescribing Competency Framework
- Provides guidelines and standards for safe and effective prescribing.
The Cambridgeshire Enquiry
- An important case study that highlights the risks of medication errors.
- A patient was prescribed methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis.
- The GP inadvertently prescribed a higher dose than intended, leading to a near-fatal overdose.
- This case highlights the importance of clear communication, legible handwriting, and careful medication review.
Prescribing Errors
- Are common and can have serious consequences.
- Examples of prescribing errors include incorrect dosing, drug interactions, illegible handwriting, and electronic prescribing errors.
Risk Management: The Right Medicine
- Take a full drug history of the patient, including all medications, allergies, and concerns about medications.
- Choose the most appropriate medication using resources like the BNF (British National Formulary) and guidelines.
Risk Management: Legibility
- Use clear and legible handwriting when prescribing, avoiding abbreviations.
- Write out the full name of the medicine, and specify the dose and unit clearly.
- Use a clear and consistent format for writing numbers, avoiding trailing zeros and using the preceding zero when necessary.
Risk Management: Abbreviations
- Avoid using abbreviations as they can lead to misinterpretations and errors.
- Refer to the Joint Commission's “Do Not Use” list for a list of abbreviations that should be avoided.
Dispensing and Administration Errors
- Can also lead to serious consequences.
- One common type of error is a sound-alike, look-alike drug (SALAD) error.
SALAD Errors
- Occur when medications with similar-sounding or similar-looking names are confused.
- Examples of SALAD pairs include Aminophylline/Amitriptyline, Amantadine/Amiodarone, and Naloxone/Lanoxin.
Strategies to Reduce SALAD Errors
- Write the full drug name when prescribing, never abbreviate.
- Include the indication for the medication to increase clarity.
- Specify the exact dose on the prescription.
- Consider “tall man” lettering for high-alert SALAD pair names to highlight key differences.
- Avoid verbal medication orders.
The Seven Myths of Human Error
- Errors are not intrinsically bad.
- Errors are not always made by bad people.
- Errors are not always random.
- Practice does not always make perfect.
- Highly trained professionals can also make mistakes.
- Errors by highly trained professionals do not always lead to bad outcomes.
- It is often easier to change systems than people.
Reason’s Model of Accident Causation
- Explains how accidents, including medication errors, can occur due to a combination of latent conditions and active failures.
- Latent conditions are organizational factors, processes, and management decisions that create a risk for errors.
- Active failures are errors or violations by individuals or teams that directly contribute to an accident.
The Case Report of Vincristine Medication Error
- Illustrates how multiple factors can contribute to a medication error.
- A patient died after receiving vincristine intrathecally instead of intravenously due to a combination of factors, including late patient arrival, similar-looking syringes, and unfamiliar doctor.
- This case highlights the importance of clear communication, standardized procedures, and strong organizational safety culture.
Humans Make Mistakes
- James Reason argues that medication errors often occur due to poorly designed systems.
- He encourages the adoption of a safety culture in healthcare, similar to the approach used in aviation, where errors are expected and systems are designed to compensate for them.
Medication Use Process
- The medication use process involves multiple steps which include: prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administering, and monitoring.
- Multiple healthcare professionals are involved in each step, including doctors, pharmacists, nurses, and dieticians.
Prescribing Competency Framework
- It's essential to have a good prescribing competency framework to ensure medication safety.
- The Cambridgeshire Enquiry highlighted a tragic case of medication errors leading to a patient’s death.
Medication Error
- A medication error is a preventable event that can lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm.
- Most errors occur during prescribing and administration, but also during transcribing and dispensing.
Prescribing Errors
- Common examples of prescribing errors include incorrect dosing, drug interactions, illegible handwriting, and electronic prescribing errors.
Risk Management: The Right Medicine
- Taking a complete drug history is crucial for effective prescribing.
- This includes current prescriptions, non-prescription medicines, herbal remedies, and illicit drugs.
- It's important to record any adverse drug reactions and allergies, and to choose the most appropriate medicine.
- The RCSI Essential Medicines resource provides useful information about medications.
Risk Management: Legibility
- Illegible handwriting can lead to medication errors.
Strategies to Reduce SALAD Errors
- Pharmacies should avoid stocking medications with packaging prone to SALAD errors (Sound-Alike, Look-Alike Drugs).
Seven Myths of Human Error
- The "Seven Myths of Human Error" emphasize the need for a system-focused approach to error management.
- This includes recognizing that:
- Errors are not always intrinsically bad.
- People who make errors are not always bad people.
- Errors are not always random.
- Practice does not always make perfect.
- Errors of highly trained professionals are not always rare.
- Errors of highly trained professionals do not always lead to bad outcomes.
- It is easier to change situations than people.
Reason’s Model of Accident Causation
- Reason's model categorizes the causes of accidents into latent conditions, error-producing conditions, and active failures.
- Latent conditions refer to systemic weaknesses or organizational issues.
- Error-producing conditions are factors that influence performance, such as environmental, team, individual, or task factors.
- Active failures are direct errors or violations of rules.
Case Report: Vincristine Medication Error
- This case report highlights a tragic incident where a patient received vincristine intrathecally instead of intravenously, leading to death.
- It demonstrates the importance of clear communication, familiarization with protocols, and proper administration procedures.
“Humans Make Mistakes Because the Systems They Work In Are Poorly Designed”
- This quote by James Reason emphasizes the importance of designing systems to anticipate errors and promote safety.
- Aviation has a strong safety culture based on reporting, shared learning, and designing systems to compensate for human errors.
- Healthcare, in contrast, often has a culture of expecting things to go right and underreporting errors, which hinders learning and improvement.
Error Reduction Strategies
- Implementing a Prescribing Safety Assessment (PSA) is one strategy to improve prescribing skills.
- Patient empowerment for medication safety is crucial for improving medication safety.
Conclusions
- Medication errors are preventable, but the incidence varies due to differing definitions and methodologies.
- Poor prescribing is a major contributing factor to medication errors.
- Addressing medication errors requires a multidisciplinary approach, including improving prescribing skills, creating a supportive safety culture, and promoting reporting of errors for investigation.
Patient Safety and Medicines
- Sir Liam Donaldson's quote reminds us that learning from errors is crucial to improve patient safety.
- “To err is human, to cover up is unforgivable, but to fail to learn is inexcusable.”
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Description
This quiz covers the causes and impact of medication errors in healthcare settings. It also discusses prevention strategies such as legibility in prescriptions and avoiding verbal orders. Enhance your knowledge on ensuring patient safety through proper medication management.
