Questions and Answers
What is an antigen?
What does autoimmune mean?
Type of immune response by the body against its own cells or tissues.
What are capillaries?
Microscopic blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules.
What is hematopoiesis?
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Define immune response.
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What is immunodeficiency?
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What is interstitial fluid?
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What are lymphocytes?
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What are monocytes?
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What does oncology refer to?
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Define pathogen.
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What is a transfusion?
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What does the root 'agglutin/o' mean?
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What does the root 'hemat/o' refer to?
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What is anemia?
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What is hemophilia?
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What does AIDS stand for?
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Study Notes
Key Terms and Definitions
- Antigen: Substance that evokes an immune response by triggering antibody formation upon entering the body.
- Autoimmune: Immune response where the body attacks its own cells or tissues.
- Capillaries: Microscopic blood vessels linking arterioles (small arteries) and venules (small veins), facilitating nutrient and gas exchange.
- Hematopoiesis: The process of blood cell production and development, primarily occurring in the bone marrow.
- Immune Response: Body's defense mechanism against pathogens, foreign substances, and malignancies.
- Immunodeficiency: Condition featuring reduced capacity to combat infections, often due to a faulty immune system.
- Interstitial Fluid: Liquid found in the spaces between cells in tissues.
- Lymphocyte: White blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system by identifying and neutralizing foreign antigens.
- Monocytes: Large white blood cells formed in bone marrow responsible for attacking pathogens through a process known as phagocytosis.
- Oncology: Medical specialty focused on the study and treatment of cancerous growths.
- Pathogen: Any microorganism capable of causing disease.
- Transfusion: The process of transferring blood or blood components from one person to another.
Combining Forms
- Agglutin/o: Refers to clumping or gluing.
- Embol/o: Denotes an embolus or plug within blood vessels.
- Erythr/o: Pertains to the color red, often in reference to red blood cells.
- Hem/o and Hemat/o: Both refer to blood.
- Leuk/o: Relates to the color white, commonly associated with white blood cells.
- Myel/o: Indicates bone marrow or spinal cord.
- Thromb/o: Refers to blood clots.
- Ven/o: Pertains to veins.
- Aden/o: Refers to glands.
- Immun/o: Related to immunity or protection.
- Lymph/o: Pertains to lymph.
- Lymphaden/o: Indicates lymph glands or nodes.
- Lymphangi/o: Refers to lymph vessels.
- Phag/o: Indicates the action of swallowing or eating at a cellular level.
- Splen/o: Relates to the spleen.
- Thym/o: Pertains to the thymus gland.
Blood Disorders and Conditions
- Anemia: Blood disorder marked by inadequate red blood cell production, hemoglobin deficiency, or increased destruction of red blood cells.
- Aplastic Anemia: Severe condition resulting from bone marrow failure to produce blood cells due to damage from disease or treatment.
- Pernicious Anemia: Results from vitamin B12 malabsorption, critical for blood cell production.
- Thalassemia: A group of inherited anemias characterized by impaired hemoglobin production, common among Mediterranean populations.
- Hemophilia: Genetic bleeding disorders caused by insufficient clotting factors.
- Leukemia: Cancer of bone marrow leading to excessive production of white blood cells.
Immunological Conditions
- AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome caused by HIV, marked by immune system suppression and increased vulnerability to infections.
- Hodgkin Lymphoma: Cancer of the lymphatic system with unique Reed-Sternberg cells, prevalent in young adults.
- Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Diverse group of lymphomas excluding Hodgkin lymphoma, more common in older adults.
- Immunodeficiency Diseases: Disorders caused by a defective immune system, leading to frequent infections.
- Kaposi Sarcoma: Malignant tumor affecting connective tissue, associated with AIDS.
Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures
- Bone Marrow Aspiration: Involves sampling bone marrow for diagnosing blood disorders, cancers, or infectious diseases.
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): Comprehensive blood test assessing overall health and screening for infections and anemias.
- ELISA: Test for detecting HIV antibodies or other disease-causing pathogens in blood.
- Lymphangiography: Imaging technique utilizing contrast media to visualize lymphatic vessels and glands.
- Tissue Typing: Technique to assess tissue compatibility for grafts and transplants.
- Western Blot: Test for detecting viral DNA in the blood, often used to confirm AIDS diagnosis.
Treatments and Therapies
- Blood Transfusion: Replacement of lost blood via administration of whole blood or components.
- Lymphangiectomy: Surgical removal of a lymph vessel.
- Anticoagulants: Medications to prevent or slow blood clotting.
- Immunizations: Vaccines or immune globulin injections to promote immunity against infectious diseases.
- Immunosuppressants: Medications to reduce immune response, often to prevent organ transplant rejection or manage autoimmune diseases.
- Thrombolytics: Treatments to dissolve blood clots.
- Vaccinations: Introduction of modified antigens to stimulate an immune response for protection against diseases.
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