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Questions and Answers
Which of the following conditions is NOT a cause of metabolic alkalosis?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a cause of metabolic alkalosis?
- Diuretics therapy without K
- NaHCO3 ingestion
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea (correct)
Which of the following is a cause of respiratory acidosis?
Which of the following is a cause of respiratory acidosis?
- Emphysema
- Hyperventilation (correct)
- Bronchopneumonia
- Asthma
Which hormone is secreted from the adrenal gland and acts on the reabsorption of sodium and water from the distal convoluted tubule?
Which hormone is secreted from the adrenal gland and acts on the reabsorption of sodium and water from the distal convoluted tubule?
- ADH
- Aldosterone (correct)
- Renin
- Angiotensin
Which of the following statements is true regarding c-peptide?
Which of the following statements is true regarding c-peptide?
What would the arterial blood gas results show in a case of respiratory acidosis?
What would the arterial blood gas results show in a case of respiratory acidosis?
Which of these is considered the ideal marker for myocardial injury?
Which of these is considered the ideal marker for myocardial injury?
Least amount of TBW exist in which compartment?
Least amount of TBW exist in which compartment?
_ occurs when ECF decreases because of a decrease in both water and solutes at the same time but osmolarity remains normal:
_ occurs when ECF decreases because of a decrease in both water and solutes at the same time but osmolarity remains normal:
The inability of absorption of which metal ion causes acrodermatitis enteropathica:
The inability of absorption of which metal ion causes acrodermatitis enteropathica:
Tissues rich in mitochondria and pigments such as the retina and dark skin tend to have high concentrations of:
Tissues rich in mitochondria and pigments such as the retina and dark skin tend to have high concentrations of:
Fluid overload causes:
Fluid overload causes:
The target tissue for Aldosterone is:
The target tissue for Aldosterone is:
What is the role of ACE in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
What is the role of ACE in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
Which of the following elements plays an important role in the hard tissues of the body such as bones and teeth?
Which of the following elements plays an important role in the hard tissues of the body such as bones and teeth?
Which type of anemia is associated with copper deficiency?
Which type of anemia is associated with copper deficiency?
Which hormone is responsible for decreasing the calcium level in the blood?
Which hormone is responsible for decreasing the calcium level in the blood?
Which is the primary mechanism for regulating fluid homeostasis?
Which is the primary mechanism for regulating fluid homeostasis?
Which mineral, if its level is too high in the blood, can cause muscle weakness, hypotension, breathing problems, and possibly cause the heart to stop beating?
Which mineral, if its level is too high in the blood, can cause muscle weakness, hypotension, breathing problems, and possibly cause the heart to stop beating?
Which two minerals are co-factors for the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD)?
Which two minerals are co-factors for the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD)?
Which of the following is a cause of hypermagnesemia?
Which of the following is a cause of hypermagnesemia?
Cortisol is secreted from:
Cortisol is secreted from:
Nephrotic syndrome is diagnosed by:
Nephrotic syndrome is diagnosed by:
In decreased GFR with normal tubular function, what increases in the plasma?
In decreased GFR with normal tubular function, what increases in the plasma?
What occurs when the two types of cells are near each other?
What occurs when the two types of cells are near each other?
Which enzyme can be detected to assess pancreatic function?
Which enzyme can be detected to assess pancreatic function?
Which reactions are involved in esterification of fatty acids to form triglycerides?
Which reactions are involved in esterification of fatty acids to form triglycerides?
What is another name for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
What is another name for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
The main cause of decreased H+ and increased bicarbonate is:
The main cause of decreased H+ and increased bicarbonate is:
A person was admitted in a coma with pH=7.1, Pco2=16 mmHg, Hco3 = 5 mmol/l. What is the diagnosis?
A person was admitted in a coma with pH=7.1, Pco2=16 mmHg, Hco3 = 5 mmol/l. What is the diagnosis?
Which of the following buffer systems is the most effective at physiological pH?
Which of the following buffer systems is the most effective at physiological pH?
What is the pH of blood for a healthy person?
What is the pH of blood for a healthy person?
Which form of iron is more soluble and easily absorbed by the intestine?
Which form of iron is more soluble and easily absorbed by the intestine?
All of the following hormones cause an elevation of glucose level in blood except:
All of the following hormones cause an elevation of glucose level in blood except:
Test done without using a tourniquet:
Test done without using a tourniquet:
Which condition is most appropriate for a female suffering from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with a pH of 7.2?
Which condition is most appropriate for a female suffering from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with a pH of 7.2?
In hepatic jaundice, there is an increase in which type of bilirubin?
In hepatic jaundice, there is an increase in which type of bilirubin?
Which gland is not controlled by the pituitary gland?
Which gland is not controlled by the pituitary gland?
In the case of increased HCO3 and increased pH, which condition is present?
In the case of increased HCO3 and increased pH, which condition is present?
With normal tubular function and lower GFR, what change occurs in plasma?
With normal tubular function and lower GFR, what change occurs in plasma?
What is the cause of atherosclerosis?
What is the cause of atherosclerosis?
COPD is associated with which condition?
COPD is associated with which condition?
Yellowing of sclera is the most sensitive indicator of:
Yellowing of sclera is the most sensitive indicator of:
Which lipoprotein acts against the action of LDL?
Which lipoprotein acts against the action of LDL?
Atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted by which organ?
Atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted by which organ?
Which condition is characterized by increased pCO2 due to hypoventilation?
Which condition is characterized by increased pCO2 due to hypoventilation?
Which of the following is most commonly seen as a result of edema?
Which of the following is most commonly seen as a result of edema?
Reduced urine output is referred to as:
Reduced urine output is referred to as:
Which hormone is NOT secreted by the islet cells?
Which hormone is NOT secreted by the islet cells?
What replaces one of the fatty acids in a phospholipid?
What replaces one of the fatty acids in a phospholipid?
Which condition can cause post-hepatic jaundice?
Which condition can cause post-hepatic jaundice?
A person was admitted in a coma. Analysis of arterial blood gave the following values: PH=7.1, Pco2=16 mmHg, HCO3 = 5 mmol/l. What condition does this indicate?
A person was admitted in a coma. Analysis of arterial blood gave the following values: PH=7.1, Pco2=16 mmHg, HCO3 = 5 mmol/l. What condition does this indicate?
Which of the following is the most effective buffer system at physiological pH?
Which of the following is the most effective buffer system at physiological pH?
What is the pH of blood for a healthy person?
What is the pH of blood for a healthy person?
The _____ form of Iron is more soluble and hence easily absorbed by the intestine.
The _____ form of Iron is more soluble and hence easily absorbed by the intestine.
All of the following hormones cause elevation of glucose level in blood except:
All of the following hormones cause elevation of glucose level in blood except:
Patients with T1DM undergoing uncontrolled diabetes may experience elevation of which level in blood due to absence of insulin?
Patients with T1DM undergoing uncontrolled diabetes may experience elevation of which level in blood due to absence of insulin?
Intracellular fluid represents:
Intracellular fluid represents:
In cases of normal GFR with reduced tubular function, which of the following may increase?
In cases of normal GFR with reduced tubular function, which of the following may increase?
Which specific marker increases in liver damage?
Which specific marker increases in liver damage?
Which organ is primarily responsible for ADH secretion?
Which organ is primarily responsible for ADH secretion?
What condition is characterized by low water and high solute levels?
What condition is characterized by low water and high solute levels?
Erythropoietin hormone is secreted primarily by which organ?
Erythropoietin hormone is secreted primarily by which organ?
Among the following, which liver test is used to assess synthetic function?
Among the following, which liver test is used to assess synthetic function?
Renal circulatory insufficiency (pre-renal uremia) may be due to:
Renal circulatory insufficiency (pre-renal uremia) may be due to:
Which of the following is a function of the kidneys?
Which of the following is a function of the kidneys?
Which condition is not associated with hypercholesterolemia?
Which condition is not associated with hypercholesterolemia?
In which condition is C-peptide absent?
In which condition is C-peptide absent?
Which substance contains a nitrogenous base and phosphate and is similar in structure to triglycerides (TG)?
Which substance contains a nitrogenous base and phosphate and is similar in structure to triglycerides (TG)?
What effect does a high levels of water and solutes have on the body?
What effect does a high levels of water and solutes have on the body?
Which endocrine glands are controlled by the pituitary gland?
Which endocrine glands are controlled by the pituitary gland?
What is the water solubility of unconjugated bilirubin?
What is the water solubility of unconjugated bilirubin?
Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to increased osmolarity?
Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to increased osmolarity?
Study Notes
Here are the study notes for the provided text:
Medical Quiz
Acid-Base Balance
- Metabolic acidosis: pH < 7.35, HCO3- < 22 mmol/L
- Metabolic alkalosis: pH > 7.45, HCO3- > 28 mmol/L
- Respiratory acidosis: pH < 7.35, PCO2 > 45 mmHg
- Respiratory alkalosis: pH > 7.45, PCO2 < 35 mmHg
Hormones
- Insulin: decreases glucose level in blood
- Glucagon: increases glucose level in blood
- Cortisol: increases glucose level in blood
- Growth hormone: increases glucose level in blood
Electrolytes
- Calcium: essential for bone and teeth health
- Magnesium: essential for muscle function and heartbeat regulation
- Potassium: essential for heart function and muscle contractions
Buffer Systems
- Bicarbonate buffer system: most effective buffer system at physiological pH
- Phosphate buffer system: important for acid-base balance
- Hemoglobin buffer system: important for acid-base balance
Kidney Function
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS): regulates fluid balance and blood pressure
- Aldosterone: increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion
- Renin: increases angiotensin II production, which stimulates aldosterone secretion
Liver Function
- Bilirubin: formed from hemoglobin breakdown, conjugated in liver, and excreted in bile
- Conjugated bilirubin: increases in liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis
- Unconjugated bilirubin: increases in hemolytic diseases, such as sickle cell anemia
Endocrine System
- Adrenal gland: produces hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline
- Pancreas: produces hormones, including insulin and glucagon
- Pituitary gland: regulates hormone production in other endocrine glands
Cardiovascular System
- Atherosclerosis: atherosclerotic plaques lead to heart disease and stroke
- Hypertension: increases risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease
- Cardiac arrest: sudden stop of heart function
Nutrients
- Iron: essential for hemoglobin production and oxygen transport
- Zinc: essential for immune function and wound healing
- Copper: essential for connective tissue health and immune function
Final Exam/Academic Year 2023-2024
Body Fluids
- Intracellular fluid (ICF): 2/3 of total body water
- Extracellular fluid (ECF): 1/3 of total body water
- Plasma: 1/5 of ECF
Kidney Function
- Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): measures kidney function
- Renal blood flow: regulates GFR and kidney function
Liver Function
- Bilirubin: formed from hemoglobin breakdown, conjugated in liver, and excreted in bile
- Conjugated bilirubin: increases in liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis
- Unconjugated bilirubin: increases in hemolytic diseases, such as sickle cell anemia
Hormones
- Insulin: decreases glucose level in blood
- Glucagon: increases glucose level in blood
- Cortisol: increases glucose level in blood
- Growth hormone: increases glucose level in blood
Cardiovascular System
- Atherosclerosis: atherosclerotic plaques lead to heart disease and stroke
- Hypertension: increases risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease
- Cardiac arrest: sudden stop of heart function
I hope these notes help you study for your medical exam!
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Description
Test your knowledge of acid-base balance and buffer systems in the human body. Answer questions on pH levels, metabolic and respiratory acidosis, and more.
