Medical Quiz: Acid-Base Balance
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT a cause of metabolic alkalosis?

  • Diuretics therapy without K
  • NaHCO3 ingestion
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea (correct)

    • Which of the following is a cause of respiratory acidosis?

  • Emphysema
  • Hyperventilation (correct)
  • Bronchopneumonia
  • Asthma

    • Which hormone is secreted from the adrenal gland and acts on the reabsorption of sodium and water from the distal convoluted tubule?

  • ADH
  • Aldosterone (correct)
  • Renin
  • Angiotensin

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding c-peptide?

    <p>c-peptide is measured for diagnosis patient with diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would the arterial blood gas results show in a case of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>PH low, HCO3 normal, PCO2 high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is considered the ideal marker for myocardial injury?

    <p>Troponin I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Least amount of TBW exist in which compartment?

    <p>Intravascular compartment (plasma)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _ occurs when ECF decreases because of a decrease in both water and solutes at the same time but osmolarity remains normal:

    <p>Hypovolemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inability of absorption of which metal ion causes acrodermatitis enteropathica:

    <p>Zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tissues rich in mitochondria and pigments such as the retina and dark skin tend to have high concentrations of:

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluid overload causes:

    <p>Hypervolemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The target tissue for Aldosterone is:

    <p>Distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ACE in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

    <p>It converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements plays an important role in the hard tissues of the body such as bones and teeth?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anemia is associated with copper deficiency?

    <p>Hypochromic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for decreasing the calcium level in the blood?

    <p>Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the primary mechanism for regulating fluid homeostasis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral, if its level is too high in the blood, can cause muscle weakness, hypotension, breathing problems, and possibly cause the heart to stop beating?

    <p>Magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two minerals are co-factors for the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD)?

    <p>Copper-Zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of hypermagnesemia?

    <p>Kidney failure with magnesium-containing drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cortisol is secreted from:

    <p>Adrenal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nephrotic syndrome is diagnosed by:

    <p>Proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In decreased GFR with normal tubular function, what increases in the plasma?

    <p>Potassium ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the two types of cells are near each other?

    <p>Paracrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme can be detected to assess pancreatic function?

    <p>Chymotrypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reactions are involved in esterification of fatty acids to form triglycerides?

    <p>Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Type 1 Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main cause of decreased H+ and increased bicarbonate is:

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person was admitted in a coma with pH=7.1, Pco2=16 mmHg, Hco3 = 5 mmol/l. What is the diagnosis?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following buffer systems is the most effective at physiological pH?

    <p>Bicarbonate buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH of blood for a healthy person?

    <p>Slightly alkaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of iron is more soluble and easily absorbed by the intestine?

    <p>Ferrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following hormones cause an elevation of glucose level in blood except:

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Test done without using a tourniquet:

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most appropriate for a female suffering from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with a pH of 7.2?

    <p>Metabolic Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hepatic jaundice, there is an increase in which type of bilirubin?

    <p>Increase conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is not controlled by the pituitary gland?

    <p>Adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of increased HCO3 and increased pH, which condition is present?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With normal tubular function and lower GFR, what change occurs in plasma?

    <p>Increase urea and increase creatinine in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Lipid retention by trapping in the intima by a matrix such as proteoglycans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    COPD is associated with which condition?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yellowing of sclera is the most sensitive indicator of:

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipoprotein acts against the action of LDL?

    <p>HDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted by which organ?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by increased pCO2 due to hypoventilation?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most commonly seen as a result of edema?

    <p>Hypoalbuminemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reduced urine output is referred to as:

    <p>Oliguria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT secreted by the islet cells?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replaces one of the fatty acids in a phospholipid?

    <p>Phosphate and a nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can cause post-hepatic jaundice?

    <p>Obstruction of the biliary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person was admitted in a coma. Analysis of arterial blood gave the following values: PH=7.1, Pco2=16 mmHg, HCO3 = 5 mmol/l. What condition does this indicate?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most effective buffer system at physiological pH?

    <p>Bicarbonate buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH of blood for a healthy person?

    <p>Slightly alkaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ form of Iron is more soluble and hence easily absorbed by the intestine.

    <p>Ferrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following hormones cause elevation of glucose level in blood except:

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with T1DM undergoing uncontrolled diabetes may experience elevation of which level in blood due to absence of insulin?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intracellular fluid represents:

    <p>Two thirds of the body water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of normal GFR with reduced tubular function, which of the following may increase?

    <p>Creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific marker increases in liver damage?

    <p>ALT and AST</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is primarily responsible for ADH secretion?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by low water and high solute levels?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythropoietin hormone is secreted primarily by which organ?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following, which liver test is used to assess synthetic function?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Renal circulatory insufficiency (pre-renal uremia) may be due to:

    <p>Hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the kidneys?

    <p>Excrete metabolic waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is not associated with hypercholesterolemia?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is C-peptide absent?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance contains a nitrogenous base and phosphate and is similar in structure to triglycerides (TG)?

    <p>Phospholipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a high levels of water and solutes have on the body?

    <p>Hypervolemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine glands are controlled by the pituitary gland?

    <p>Gonad, adrenal gland, thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the water solubility of unconjugated bilirubin?

    <p>Poorly water soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to increased osmolarity?

    <p>ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Here are the study notes for the provided text:

    Medical Quiz

    Acid-Base Balance

    • Metabolic acidosis: pH < 7.35, HCO3- < 22 mmol/L
    • Metabolic alkalosis: pH > 7.45, HCO3- > 28 mmol/L
    • Respiratory acidosis: pH < 7.35, PCO2 > 45 mmHg
    • Respiratory alkalosis: pH > 7.45, PCO2 < 35 mmHg

    Hormones

    • Insulin: decreases glucose level in blood
    • Glucagon: increases glucose level in blood
    • Cortisol: increases glucose level in blood
    • Growth hormone: increases glucose level in blood

    Electrolytes

    • Calcium: essential for bone and teeth health
    • Magnesium: essential for muscle function and heartbeat regulation
    • Potassium: essential for heart function and muscle contractions

    Buffer Systems

    • Bicarbonate buffer system: most effective buffer system at physiological pH
    • Phosphate buffer system: important for acid-base balance
    • Hemoglobin buffer system: important for acid-base balance

    Kidney Function

    • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS): regulates fluid balance and blood pressure
    • Aldosterone: increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion
    • Renin: increases angiotensin II production, which stimulates aldosterone secretion

    Liver Function

    • Bilirubin: formed from hemoglobin breakdown, conjugated in liver, and excreted in bile
    • Conjugated bilirubin: increases in liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis
    • Unconjugated bilirubin: increases in hemolytic diseases, such as sickle cell anemia

    Endocrine System

    • Adrenal gland: produces hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline
    • Pancreas: produces hormones, including insulin and glucagon
    • Pituitary gland: regulates hormone production in other endocrine glands

    Cardiovascular System

    • Atherosclerosis: atherosclerotic plaques lead to heart disease and stroke
    • Hypertension: increases risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease
    • Cardiac arrest: sudden stop of heart function

    Nutrients

    • Iron: essential for hemoglobin production and oxygen transport
    • Zinc: essential for immune function and wound healing
    • Copper: essential for connective tissue health and immune function

    Final Exam/Academic Year 2023-2024

    Body Fluids

    • Intracellular fluid (ICF): 2/3 of total body water
    • Extracellular fluid (ECF): 1/3 of total body water
    • Plasma: 1/5 of ECF

    Kidney Function

    • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): measures kidney function
    • Renal blood flow: regulates GFR and kidney function

    Liver Function

    • Bilirubin: formed from hemoglobin breakdown, conjugated in liver, and excreted in bile
    • Conjugated bilirubin: increases in liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis
    • Unconjugated bilirubin: increases in hemolytic diseases, such as sickle cell anemia

    Hormones

    • Insulin: decreases glucose level in blood
    • Glucagon: increases glucose level in blood
    • Cortisol: increases glucose level in blood
    • Growth hormone: increases glucose level in blood

    Cardiovascular System

    • Atherosclerosis: atherosclerotic plaques lead to heart disease and stroke
    • Hypertension: increases risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease
    • Cardiac arrest: sudden stop of heart function

    I hope these notes help you study for your medical exam!

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of acid-base balance and buffer systems in the human body. Answer questions on pH levels, metabolic and respiratory acidosis, and more.

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