Medical Quiz: Acid-Base Balance

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT a cause of metabolic alkalosis?

Diuretics therapy without K

NaHCO3 ingestion

Vomiting

Diarrhea (correct)

Which of the following is a cause of respiratory acidosis?

Emphysema

Hyperventilation (correct)

Bronchopneumonia

Asthma

Which hormone is secreted from the adrenal gland and acts on the reabsorption of sodium and water from the distal convoluted tubule?

ADH

Aldosterone (correct)

Renin

Angiotensin

Which of the following statements is true regarding c-peptide?

c-peptide is measured for diagnosis patient with diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What would the arterial blood gas results show in a case of respiratory acidosis?

PH low, HCO3 normal, PCO2 high Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is considered the ideal marker for myocardial injury?

Troponin I Signup and view all the answers

Least amount of TBW exist in which compartment?

Intravascular compartment (plasma) Signup and view all the answers

_ occurs when ECF decreases because of a decrease in both water and solutes at the same time but osmolarity remains normal:

Hypovolemia Signup and view all the answers

The inability of absorption of which metal ion causes acrodermatitis enteropathica:

Zinc Signup and view all the answers

Tissues rich in mitochondria and pigments such as the retina and dark skin tend to have high concentrations of:

Iron Signup and view all the answers

Fluid overload causes:

Hypervolemia Signup and view all the answers

The target tissue for Aldosterone is:

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ACE in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

It converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements plays an important role in the hard tissues of the body such as bones and teeth?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anemia is associated with copper deficiency?

Hypochromic anemia Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for decreasing the calcium level in the blood?

Calcitonin Signup and view all the answers

Which is the primary mechanism for regulating fluid homeostasis?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral, if its level is too high in the blood, can cause muscle weakness, hypotension, breathing problems, and possibly cause the heart to stop beating?

Magnesium Signup and view all the answers

Which two minerals are co-factors for the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD)?

Copper-Zinc Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of hypermagnesemia?

Kidney failure with magnesium-containing drugs Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol is secreted from:

Adrenal Signup and view all the answers

Nephrotic syndrome is diagnosed by:

Proteinuria Signup and view all the answers

In decreased GFR with normal tubular function, what increases in the plasma?

Potassium ion Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the two types of cells are near each other?

Paracrine signaling Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme can be detected to assess pancreatic function?

Chymotrypsin Signup and view all the answers

Which reactions are involved in esterification of fatty acids to form triglycerides?

Glycerol Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

The main cause of decreased H+ and increased bicarbonate is:

Metabolic alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

A person was admitted in a coma with pH=7.1, Pco2=16 mmHg, Hco3 = 5 mmol/l. What is the diagnosis?

Metabolic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following buffer systems is the most effective at physiological pH?

Bicarbonate buffer Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH of blood for a healthy person?

Slightly alkaline Signup and view all the answers

Which form of iron is more soluble and easily absorbed by the intestine?

Ferrous Signup and view all the answers

All of the following hormones cause an elevation of glucose level in blood except:

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Test done without using a tourniquet:

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most appropriate for a female suffering from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with a pH of 7.2?

Metabolic Acidosis Signup and view all the answers

In hepatic jaundice, there is an increase in which type of bilirubin?

Increase conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is not controlled by the pituitary gland?

Adrenal medulla Signup and view all the answers

In the case of increased HCO3 and increased pH, which condition is present?

Metabolic alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

With normal tubular function and lower GFR, what change occurs in plasma?

Increase urea and increase creatinine in plasma Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of atherosclerosis?

Lipid retention by trapping in the intima by a matrix such as proteoglycans Signup and view all the answers

COPD is associated with which condition?

Respiratory acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Yellowing of sclera is the most sensitive indicator of:

Jaundice Signup and view all the answers

Which lipoprotein acts against the action of LDL?

HDL Signup and view all the answers

Atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted by which organ?

Heart Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by increased pCO2 due to hypoventilation?

Respiratory acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most commonly seen as a result of edema?

Hypoalbuminemia Signup and view all the answers

Reduced urine output is referred to as:

Oliguria Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is NOT secreted by the islet cells?

Cortisol Signup and view all the answers

What replaces one of the fatty acids in a phospholipid?

Phosphate and a nitrogenous base Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can cause post-hepatic jaundice?

Obstruction of the biliary tract Signup and view all the answers

A person was admitted in a coma. Analysis of arterial blood gave the following values: PH=7.1, Pco2=16 mmHg, HCO3 = 5 mmol/l. What condition does this indicate?

Metabolic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most effective buffer system at physiological pH?

Bicarbonate buffer Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH of blood for a healthy person?

Slightly alkaline Signup and view all the answers

The _____ form of Iron is more soluble and hence easily absorbed by the intestine.

Ferrous Signup and view all the answers

All of the following hormones cause elevation of glucose level in blood except:

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Patients with T1DM undergoing uncontrolled diabetes may experience elevation of which level in blood due to absence of insulin?

Potassium Signup and view all the answers

Intracellular fluid represents:

Two thirds of the body water Signup and view all the answers

In cases of normal GFR with reduced tubular function, which of the following may increase?

Creatinine Signup and view all the answers

Which specific marker increases in liver damage?

ALT and AST Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for ADH secretion?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by low water and high solute levels?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

Erythropoietin hormone is secreted primarily by which organ?

Kidney Signup and view all the answers

Among the following, which liver test is used to assess synthetic function?

Albumin Signup and view all the answers

Renal circulatory insufficiency (pre-renal uremia) may be due to:

Hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the kidneys?

Excrete metabolic waste products Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is not associated with hypercholesterolemia?

Hyperthyroidism Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is C-peptide absent?

Type 1 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Which substance contains a nitrogenous base and phosphate and is similar in structure to triglycerides (TG)?

Phospholipid Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a high levels of water and solutes have on the body?

Hypervolemia Signup and view all the answers

Which endocrine glands are controlled by the pituitary gland?

Gonad, adrenal gland, thyroid Signup and view all the answers

What is the water solubility of unconjugated bilirubin?

Poorly water soluble Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to increased osmolarity?

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Here are the study notes for the provided text:

Medical Quiz

Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic acidosis: pH < 7.35, HCO3- < 22 mmol/L
Metabolic alkalosis: pH > 7.45, HCO3- > 28 mmol/L
Respiratory acidosis: pH < 7.35, PCO2 > 45 mmHg
Respiratory alkalosis: pH > 7.45, PCO2 < 35 mmHg

Hormones

Insulin: decreases glucose level in blood
Glucagon: increases glucose level in blood
Cortisol: increases glucose level in blood
Growth hormone: increases glucose level in blood

Electrolytes

Calcium: essential for bone and teeth health
Magnesium: essential for muscle function and heartbeat regulation
Potassium: essential for heart function and muscle contractions

Buffer Systems

Bicarbonate buffer system: most effective buffer system at physiological pH
Phosphate buffer system: important for acid-base balance
Hemoglobin buffer system: important for acid-base balance

Kidney Function

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS): regulates fluid balance and blood pressure
Aldosterone: increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion
Renin: increases angiotensin II production, which stimulates aldosterone secretion

Liver Function

Bilirubin: formed from hemoglobin breakdown, conjugated in liver, and excreted in bile
Conjugated bilirubin: increases in liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis
Unconjugated bilirubin: increases in hemolytic diseases, such as sickle cell anemia

Endocrine System

Adrenal gland: produces hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline
Pancreas: produces hormones, including insulin and glucagon
Pituitary gland: regulates hormone production in other endocrine glands

Cardiovascular System

Atherosclerosis: atherosclerotic plaques lead to heart disease and stroke
Hypertension: increases risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease
Cardiac arrest: sudden stop of heart function

Nutrients

Iron: essential for hemoglobin production and oxygen transport
Zinc: essential for immune function and wound healing
Copper: essential for connective tissue health and immune function

Final Exam/Academic Year 2023-2024

Body Fluids

Intracellular fluid (ICF): 2/3 of total body water
Extracellular fluid (ECF): 1/3 of total body water
Plasma: 1/5 of ECF

Kidney Function

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): measures kidney function
Renal blood flow: regulates GFR and kidney function

Liver Function

Bilirubin: formed from hemoglobin breakdown, conjugated in liver, and excreted in bile
Conjugated bilirubin: increases in liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis
Unconjugated bilirubin: increases in hemolytic diseases, such as sickle cell anemia

Hormones

Insulin: decreases glucose level in blood
Glucagon: increases glucose level in blood
Cortisol: increases glucose level in blood
Growth hormone: increases glucose level in blood

Cardiovascular System

Atherosclerosis: atherosclerotic plaques lead to heart disease and stroke
Hypertension: increases risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease
Cardiac arrest: sudden stop of heart function

I hope these notes help you study for your medical exam!

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Description

Test your knowledge of acid-base balance and buffer systems in the human body. Answer questions on pH levels, metabolic and respiratory acidosis, and more.