Medical Prefixes and Directions

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Questions and Answers

What does the prefix intra- mean?

outside or outward

on the same side of the body

within or inside (correct)

situated between things

What does the term superficial refer to?

situated between the ribs

farther away from the skin surface

on the opposite side of the body

nearer the skin surface (correct)

What is the movement of the body part around its own axis?

Abduction

Flexion

Rotation (correct)

Extension

What is the movement of the hand and forearm in which the palm is moved from facing anteriorly to posteriorly?

Pronation Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of the foot and toes downward from the normal position?

Plantar flexion Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of the body part with movement of the anterior aspect toward the inside?

Medial rotation Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of a body part away from the midline?

Abduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix exo- used to describe?

outside or outward Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum source-to-image receptor distance (SID) recommended for an acromioclavicular joint AP radiograph?

72 inches Signup and view all the answers

Why are two sets of bilateral AC joints taken during an acromioclavicular joint AP radiograph?

To assess AC joint separation with and without weights Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the patient looking straight ahead during the radiograph?

To reduce rotation of the shoulders Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended position of the CR during an acromioclavicular joint AP radiograph?

Midway between the AC joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a grid or non-grid during an acromioclavicular joint AP radiograph?

To reduce scatter radiation Signup and view all the answers

Why are two 18 × 24-cm IRs used for broad-shouldered patients?

To include both AC joints on a single exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct direction of the CR angle in relation to the IR if the patient cannot hyperextend their wrist?

Increased Signup and view all the answers

Where should the CR be directed for a radiographic image of the wrist?

2 to 3 cm distal to the base of the third metacarpal Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a well-positioned radiographic image of the wrist?

The carpals are demonstrated in a tunnel-like, arched arrangement Signup and view all the answers

What should be visible in profile without superimposition in a radiographic image of the wrist?

Pisiform and the hamulus process Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration in radiographic imaging of the forearm?

Fracture of one bone is often associated with fracture or dislocation elsewhere in the ring Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a fracture of the radius with dislocation of the distal ulna?

Galeazzi fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a fracture of the ulna with dislocation of the head of the radius?

Monteggia fracture Signup and view all the answers

What should be demonstrated in a radiographic image of the forearm?

Both ends of both bones, as well as the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum SID required for an Antero-posterior (AP) elbow radiograph?

40 inches Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of palpating the humeral epicondyles during an AP elbow radiograph?

To ensure the epicondyles are parallel to the IR Signup and view all the answers

What is the orientation of the IR size in an AP elbow radiograph?

Crosswise Signup and view all the answers

What is the kV range for digital systems in an AP elbow radiograph?

70 to 75 kV Signup and view all the answers

What should be visible in an AP elbow radiograph?

The distal humerus, elbow joint space, and proximal radius and ulna Signup and view all the answers

What indicates no rotation in an AP elbow radiograph?

Bilateral epicondyles seen in profile Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of supporting the hand during an AP elbow radiograph?

To prevent motion Signup and view all the answers

Where should the CR be directed in an AP elbow radiograph?

Mid-elbow joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of the CR in an AP projection of the proximal humerus?

Perpendicular to IR, directed to 1 inch inferior to the coracoid process Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum SID recommended for an AP projection of the proximal humerus?

40 inches (102 cm) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of suspending respiration during exposure?

To reduce motion artifact Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended IR size for an AP projection of the proximal humerus?

24 × 30 cm (10 × 12 inches) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended kilovoltage range for digital systems in an AP projection of the proximal humerus?

75 to 85 kV Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical indication for an AP projection of the proximal humerus?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended patient position for an AP projection of the proximal humerus?

Erect or recumbent position Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of abducting and internally rotating the arm during an AP projection of the proximal humerus?

To evaluate the relationship of the humeral head to the glenoid cavity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prefixes and Directional Terms

The prefix intra- means within or inside
The prefix inter- means situated between things
The prefix exo- means outside or outward
Superficial refers to a location nearer the skin surface
Deep refers to a location farther away from the skin surface
Ipsilateral refers to a location on the same side of the body or part
Contralateral refers to a location on the opposite side of the body or part

Movement and Positioning

Extension: when the angle of the joint increases
Hyperextension: when the joint is extended beyond the straightened or neutral position
Flexion: when the angle of the joint decreases
Abduction: movement away from the midline
Adduction: movement towards the midline
Rotation: movement of the body part around its own axis
- Medial rotation: rotation towards the midline
- Lateral rotation: rotation away from the midline
Pronation: movement of the hand and forearm from anterior to posterior
Supination: movement of the hand and forearm from posterior to anterior
Plantar flexion: moving the foot and toes downward from the normal position
Eversion: outward stress movement of the foot
Inversion: inward stress movement of the foot
Protraction: movement forward from a normal position

Radiographic Positioning of the Forearm

Basic projections:
- Antero-posterior (AP)
- Lateral
Radiological considerations:
- Fracture of one bone in a ring can be associated with fracture or dislocation elsewhere in the ring
- Galeazzi fracture: fracture of the radius with dislocation of the distal ulna
- Monteggia fracture: fracture of the ulna with dislocation of the head of the radius
Evaluation criteria:
- Carpals demonstrated in a tunnel-like, arched arrangement
- Pisiform and hamulus process separated and visible in profile
- Rounded palmar aspects of capitate and scaphoid visualized in profile
- Trabecular markings and bony margins clear and sharp

Radiographic Positioning of the Elbow

Basic projections:
- Antero-posterior (AP)
- Lateral
- Oblique
Radiological considerations:
- Fractures and dislocations of the elbow
- Pathologic processes, such as osteomyelitis and arthritis
Evaluation criteria:
- Distal humerus, elbow joint space, and proximal radius and ulna visible
- Long axis of arm aligned with long axis of IR
- No rotation evident by bilateral epicondyles seen in profile and radial head, neck, and tubercles separated or slightly superimposed by ulna
- Olecranon process seated in the olecranon fossa with fully extended arm
- Elbow joint space appears open with fully extended arm and proper CR centering

Acromioclavicular Joint AP

Clinical indications:
- Possible AC joint separation
Technical factors:
- Minimum SID—72 inches (183 cm)
- IR size—35 × 43 cm (14 × 17 inches), crosswise
- Grid or nongrid
- Digital systems—70 to 80 kV range
Patient position:
- Erect or seated position with equal weight on both feet
- Two sets of bilateral AC joints taken in the same position, one without weights and one stress view with weights
Evaluation criteria:
- AP projection of proximal humerus and lateral two-thirds of clavicle and upper scapula, including the relationship of the humeral head to the glenoid cavity
- Full external rotation evident by greater tubercle visualized in full profile on the lateral aspect of the proximal humerus
- Lesser tubercle superimposed over humeral head

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Description

Learn medical prefixes such as intra-, inter-, and exo- and directions like superficial, deep, ipsilateral, and contralateral. Understand their meanings and applications in medical terminology.