Podcast
Questions and Answers
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical procedures is a(n) _____.
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical procedures is a(n) _____.
element
What is the charge of a proton?
What is the charge of a proton?
+1 charge
What is the charge of a neutron?
What is the charge of a neutron?
0 charge
What is the charge of an electron?
What is the charge of an electron?
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Mass of ~1 amu is associated with a _____ or a _____.
Mass of ~1 amu is associated with a _____ or a _____.
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Mass of ~1/2000 amu corresponds to an _____ .
Mass of ~1/2000 amu corresponds to an _____ .
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What is the mass number of an ion with 104 electrons, 158 neutrons, and a +1 charge?
What is the mass number of an ion with 104 electrons, 158 neutrons, and a +1 charge?
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The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to _____ electrons.
The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to _____ electrons.
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Which of these relationships is true of an uncharged atom?
Which of these relationships is true of an uncharged atom?
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What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?
What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?
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What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?
What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?
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Which of these refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses?
Which of these refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses?
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Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?
Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?
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An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have?
An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have?
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Changing the number of _____ would change an atom into an atom of a different element.
Changing the number of _____ would change an atom into an atom of a different element.
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The atoms of different phosphorus isotopes _____.
The atoms of different phosphorus isotopes _____.
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The type of bonding and the numbers of covalent bonds an atom can form with other atoms is determined by _____ .
The type of bonding and the numbers of covalent bonds an atom can form with other atoms is determined by _____ .
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What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?
What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?
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A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
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This atom can form up to _____ single covalent bond(s).
This atom can form up to _____ single covalent bond(s).
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A(n) _____ bond joins these two oxygen atoms.
A(n) _____ bond joins these two oxygen atoms.
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Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____.
Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____.
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In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?
In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?
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What is the result of the animated process?
What is the result of the animated process?
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An ionic bond involves _____.
An ionic bond involves _____.
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What type of bond joins the carbon atom to each of the hydrogen atoms?
What type of bond joins the carbon atom to each of the hydrogen atoms?
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The brackets are indicating a(n) _____ bond.
The brackets are indicating a(n) _____ bond.
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What name is given to the bond between water molecules?
What name is given to the bond between water molecules?
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A carbon atom and a hydrogen atom form what type of bond in a molecule?
A carbon atom and a hydrogen atom form what type of bond in a molecule?
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An ionic bond is formed when _____ .
An ionic bond is formed when _____ .
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Chemical equilibrium is reached when _____.
Chemical equilibrium is reached when _____.
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What does the term electron orbital describe?
What does the term electron orbital describe?
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What happens when two atoms form a chemical bond?
What happens when two atoms form a chemical bond?
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Which statement about weak bonds is correct?
Which statement about weak bonds is correct?
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Study Notes
Atoms and Elements
- An element is a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances through chemical means.
- Protons carry a positive charge (+1) and are denoted by the symbol p.
- Neutrons have no charge (0) and are represented by the symbol n.
- Electrons possess a negative charge (-1) and use the symbol e.
Atomic Mass and Structure
- Protons and neutrons each have a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu).
- Electrons have a negligible mass, approximately 1/2000 amu.
- The mass number for an ion with 104 electrons, 158 neutrons, and a +1 charge is 263.
- The innermost electron shell of an atom can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons.
Charged Atoms and Isotopes
- An uncharged atom contains an equal number of protons and electrons.
- The atomic number of an atom with 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons is 6.
- Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses are known as isotopes.
- Fluorine, with an atomic number of 9 and atomic mass of 19, has 10 neutrons.
Electron Configuration
- An uncharged atom of boron, with an atomic number of 5 and atomic mass of 11, has 5 protons.
- Changing the number of protons in an atom transforms it into a different element.
- Different isotopes of phosphorus have varying numbers of neutrons.
Chemical Bonding
- The nature of bonding and the number of covalent bonds an atom can form depend on the number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell.
- A bond joining two hydrogen atoms is a covalent bond.
- A molecule is formed when two or more atoms are held together by covalent bonds.
- Carbon can form up to 4 single covalent bonds.
- A double covalent bond occurs between two oxygen atoms.
Ionic Bonds
- Atoms with the same number of protons but different electrical charges are classified as ions.
- In sodium chloride (salt), the bond between sodium and chlorine is ionic.
- The result of interactions in salt formation is a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged chlorine ion.
- An ionic bond arises from the attraction between ions of opposite charges.
Types of Bonds in Molecules
- Carbon and hydrogen form a single (nonpolar) covalent bond.
- Hydrogen bonds, indicated by brackets, label interactions between molecules like water.
- The bond between water molecules is also a hydrogen bond.
- An ionic bond occurs when one atom transfers an electron to another.
Chemical Equilibrium and Electron Orbitals
- Chemical equilibrium is established when forward and reverse reactions take place at the same rate, maintaining constant reactant and product concentrations.
- An electron orbital describes the three-dimensional region where an electron is likely to be found 90% of the time.
- A chemical bond forms when two atoms either transfer or share outer electrons to complete their valence shells.
Characteristics of Weak Bonds
- Weak bonds are typically transient and easily reversible, allowing for dynamic interactions in molecular biology.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key terms and concepts from Chapter 2 of Mastering Biology. This quiz covers essential definitions and symbols associated with fundamental biological elements. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of basic biology concepts.
