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Questions and Answers
Which element has the highest mass in a 70 kg human and is primarily involved in oxygen transport?
Which element has the highest mass in a 70 kg human and is primarily involved in oxygen transport?
What is the biological role of Cobalt in the human body?
What is the biological role of Cobalt in the human body?
Which trace metal is involved in redox activity and found mainly in plants?
Which trace metal is involved in redox activity and found mainly in plants?
How much Nickel is present in a 70 kg human and what is its primary biological role?
How much Nickel is present in a 70 kg human and what is its primary biological role?
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Which of the following metals is NOT classified as a major biological element?
Which of the following metals is NOT classified as a major biological element?
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What percentage of a 70 kg human's mass does Zinc represent?
What percentage of a 70 kg human's mass does Zinc represent?
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In terms of mass, which trace metal has the least amount present in a 70 kg human?
In terms of mass, which trace metal has the least amount present in a 70 kg human?
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Which of the following amino acids is most likely to act as a ligand in biological systems?
Which of the following amino acids is most likely to act as a ligand in biological systems?
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Which atoms in side chains are known to provide excellent coordination sites for first row transition metals?
Which atoms in side chains are known to provide excellent coordination sites for first row transition metals?
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What is the charge of the porphyrin group, a common prosthetic group in hemoglobin?
What is the charge of the porphyrin group, a common prosthetic group in hemoglobin?
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Which of the following amino acids has two potential coordination sites for transition metals?
Which of the following amino acids has two potential coordination sites for transition metals?
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The corrin macrocyclic ligand is known for what characteristic in comparison to the porphyrin ligand?
The corrin macrocyclic ligand is known for what characteristic in comparison to the porphyrin ligand?
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What type of ligand is the porphyrin group classified as?
What type of ligand is the porphyrin group classified as?
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Which metals are commonly associated with the porphyrin prosthetic group found in hemoglobin?
Which metals are commonly associated with the porphyrin prosthetic group found in hemoglobin?
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What term describes a non-amino acid complex essential for protein activity?
What term describes a non-amino acid complex essential for protein activity?
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What type of metal complex can be referred to as a metalloprotein?
What type of metal complex can be referred to as a metalloprotein?
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Which nitrogen atoms in histidine act as donor atoms for metal coordination?
Which nitrogen atoms in histidine act as donor atoms for metal coordination?
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Cobalamin is associated with which common prosthetic group?
Cobalamin is associated with which common prosthetic group?
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What type of coordination complex is cisplatin known to form?
What type of coordination complex is cisplatin known to form?
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Which of the following cancers is cisplatin NOT effective in treating?
Which of the following cancers is cisplatin NOT effective in treating?
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What significant transformation occurs to cisplatin once it enters a cancer cell?
What significant transformation occurs to cisplatin once it enters a cancer cell?
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Which of the following statements about the active species of cisplatin is correct?
Which of the following statements about the active species of cisplatin is correct?
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What are some of the notable side effects associated with cisplatin treatment?
What are some of the notable side effects associated with cisplatin treatment?
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How does cisplatin primarily reach the cancerous cells within the body?
How does cisplatin primarily reach the cancerous cells within the body?
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In its mechanism of action, what does cisplatin bind to in order to prevent transcription?
In its mechanism of action, what does cisplatin bind to in order to prevent transcription?
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Which transition metal is primarily utilized in the development of cisplatin?
Which transition metal is primarily utilized in the development of cisplatin?
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What is required for cisplatin to become an active form within a cell?
What is required for cisplatin to become an active form within a cell?
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Which of the following best describes the action mechanism of cisplatin within cancer cells?
Which of the following best describes the action mechanism of cisplatin within cancer cells?
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What chemical change occurs to Satraplatin once it enters the target cancer cells?
What chemical change occurs to Satraplatin once it enters the target cancer cells?
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Which part of the DNA structure is primarily affected by cisplatin binding?
Which part of the DNA structure is primarily affected by cisplatin binding?
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What is one significant drawback of using cisplatin in cancer treatment?
What is one significant drawback of using cisplatin in cancer treatment?
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How do Carboplatin and Oxaliplatin differ from cisplatin?
How do Carboplatin and Oxaliplatin differ from cisplatin?
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What is the geometric structure of the active form of cisplatin after binding to DNA?
What is the geometric structure of the active form of cisplatin after binding to DNA?
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What is the role of water ligands in the context of cisplatin's mechanism?
What is the role of water ligands in the context of cisplatin's mechanism?
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What type of agent is Satraplatin classified as?
What type of agent is Satraplatin classified as?
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Since the 1960s, what has been a primary application of radioactive transition metals?
Since the 1960s, what has been a primary application of radioactive transition metals?
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What is a common structural feature of the Pt2+ complexes used in clinical applications like Carboplatin and Oxaliplatin?
What is a common structural feature of the Pt2+ complexes used in clinical applications like Carboplatin and Oxaliplatin?
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Why are new Pt complexes being designed and synthesized for cancer treatment?
Why are new Pt complexes being designed and synthesized for cancer treatment?
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Study Notes
Biological Essential Elements
- Biological essential elements are categorized as "major" or "trace."
- The amounts of these elements vary significantly between organisms.
- The first row of transition metals, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are the most prevalent in humans.
- The mass of trace metals in a 70 kg human are:
- Vanadium (V): 0.11mg
- Chromium (Cr): 14mg
- Manganese (Mn): 12mg
- Iron (Fe): 4200mg
- Cobalt (Co): 3mg
- Nickel (Ni): 15mg
- Copper (Cu): 72mg
- Zinc (Zn): 2300mg
Biological Roles of Trace Metals
- Vanadium (V) plays a role in enzymes like nitrogenases.
- Chromium (Cr) is involved in glucose metabolism in certain animals.
- Manganese (Mn) is a component of enzymes like phosphatases and is involved in redox activity in plants.
- Iron (Fe) is pivotal in hemoglobin/myoglobin, iron storage (ferritin, transferrin), and transport proteins.
- Cobalt (Co) is a key component of vitamin B12 co-enzyme.
- Nickel (Ni) is found in enzymes such as ureases.
- Copper (Cu) is crucial in electron transfer systems and transport proteins.
- Zinc (Zn) is a component of enzymes like alcohol dehydrogenase and carbonic anhydrase.
Amino Acids and Proteins as Ligands
- Twenty-one amino acids make up protein structures, which act as ligands in biological systems.
- The carboxylic acid and amine groups on the α-carbon are not involved in coordination bonds to metals.
- However, the various side chains can create coordination sites for metals.
- Side chains containing N, O, or S atoms with lone pairs of electrons are excellent ligands for transition metals.
- Histidine, with an imidazole group, has two potential coordination sites for transition metals.
- Both the δ and ε N atoms can coordinate to a metal.
- Histidine exhibits a preference for Fe, Cu, and Zn complexes.
Prosthetic Groups
- Some proteins contain prosthetic groups that are non-amino acid complexes.
- These groups are essential for protein function.
- The porphyrin group, also known as the Haem moiety, is found in hemoglobin.
- Porphyrin acts as a tetra-dentate ligand through its four N atoms.
- Another common prosthetic group is the corrin macrocyclic ligand, with a smaller ring size than porphyrin.
- Corrin is also a tetra-dentate ligand and coordinates to a metal ion.
- Metalloproteins are proteins that contain a metal ion within the prosthetic group.
- Common metals for porphyrin and corrin prosthetic groups are Fe (in hemoglobin) and Co (in cobalamin), respectively.
Carbonic Anhydrase
- Carbonic anhydrase is an important zinc-containing enzyme.
- It catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide.
- The enzyme uses a zinc hydroxide ion to facilitate the reaction.
Metals in Medicine
- Metals are used for treating a variety of diseases.
- Metal complexes bind to biological molecules like small organic ligands.
- Transition metals are commonly utilized in medicine.
- Platinum is used in anti-cancer medications.
Cisplatin
- Cisplatin is a square-planar platinum complex, used for treating bladder, ovarian, cervical, and testicular cancers.
- Cisplatin has several negative side effects like nausea and kidney damage.
- Cisplatin exchanges its chloride ligands for water molecules, becoming a charged complex.
- This charged complex binds to DNA bases, inhibiting transcription and replication.
Cisplatin and DNA
- Cisplatin predominantly binds to adjacent guanine bases, causing the DNA strand to unwind.
- This unwinding of DNA inhibits cell replication.
- The complex formed by Pt(NH3)2 fragment from cisplatin and two adjacent guanine bases maintains the square-planar geometry of Pt.
New Platinum Anti-Cancer Drugs
- Carboplatin and Oxaliplatin are Pt2+ complexes with reduced side effects compared to cisplatin.
- These drugs are clinically used.
- Satraplatin, an orally administered Pt4+ complex, is a 'pro-drug'.
- Satraplatin gets activated when it is reduced from Pt4+ to Pt2+ in cancer cells, losing its axial ligands.
- The active, square-planar Pt2+ form then exhibits its anticancer effects.
Radioactive Transition Metal
- Radioactive transition metals, called "radiometals", are used in nuclear medicine.
- The radiation emitted by radiometals allows their tracking with high precision.
- They have been used in medicine since the 1960s.
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Test your knowledge on the biological essential elements, including major and trace elements. Explore their significance, amounts in humans, and biological roles, such as the functions of various trace metals. Perfect for students and enthusiasts of biology!
