Podcast
Questions and Answers
Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____.
Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____.
are different ions
In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?
In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?
ionic
What is the result of the animated process?
What is the result of the animated process?
a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged chlorine ion
An ionic bond involves _____.
An ionic bond involves _____.
The brackets are indicating a(n) _____ bond.
The brackets are indicating a(n) _____ bond.
What name is given to the bond between water molecules?
What name is given to the bond between water molecules?
A carbon atom and a hydrogen atom form what type of bond in a molecule?
A carbon atom and a hydrogen atom form what type of bond in a molecule?
An ionic bond is formed when _____.
An ionic bond is formed when _____.
Hydrogen bonding is most often seen _____.
Hydrogen bonding is most often seen _____.
A cation with two units of charge has 10 neutrons and 8 protons. The ion also has...?
A cation with two units of charge has 10 neutrons and 8 protons. The ion also has...?
Which statement is true of the molecule shown here?
Which statement is true of the molecule shown here?
The atoms shown here will become ions if they meet because...?
The atoms shown here will become ions if they meet because...?
True or false: Ions may form by transferring an atomic nucleus (with or without electrons) to another molecule.
True or false: Ions may form by transferring an atomic nucleus (with or without electrons) to another molecule.
When chemists and biologists want to show how atoms are bonded in a molecule, they usually use a...
When chemists and biologists want to show how atoms are bonded in a molecule, they usually use a...
In the term trace element, what does the adjective trace mean?
In the term trace element, what does the adjective trace mean?
Compared with 31P, what does the radioactive isotope 32P have?
Compared with 31P, what does the radioactive isotope 32P have?
What causes the reactivity of an atom?
What causes the reactivity of an atom?
What is true of all atoms that are anions?
What is true of all atoms that are anions?
What describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium?
What describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium?
How can we represent atoms using protons, neutrons, and electrons?
How can we represent atoms using protons, neutrons, and electrons?
Based on the number of valence electrons, what is the molecular formula of the compound formed by sulfur and hydrogen?
Based on the number of valence electrons, what is the molecular formula of the compound formed by sulfur and hydrogen?
What coefficients must be placed in the following equation: C6H12O6 → _____ C2H6O + _____ CO2?
What coefficients must be placed in the following equation: C6H12O6 → _____ C2H6O + _____ CO2?
What bonds can form between atoms of equal electronegativity?
What bonds can form between atoms of equal electronegativity?
What does the term electron orbital describe?
What does the term electron orbital describe?
Which statement about the relative potential energy of electrons is correct?
Which statement about the relative potential energy of electrons is correct?
What is true about weak bonds?
What is true about weak bonds?
What happens when two atoms form a chemical bond?
What happens when two atoms form a chemical bond?
What are undersea deposits that contain metals such as copper, gold, and silver collectively known as?
What are undersea deposits that contain metals such as copper, gold, and silver collectively known as?
What discovery led to a drastic change in deep-sea mining?
What discovery led to a drastic change in deep-sea mining?
Where would likely be the best place to look for deep sea metal deposits?
Where would likely be the best place to look for deep sea metal deposits?
What is true about ores found in seabeds?
What is true about ores found in seabeds?
Where should a mining company looking to export metals to the country that consumes the most copper and gold target?
Where should a mining company looking to export metals to the country that consumes the most copper and gold target?
Match these prefixes, suffixes, and word roots with their definitions:
Match these prefixes, suffixes, and word roots with their definitions:
Match these prefixes, suffixes, and word roots with their definitions:
Match these prefixes, suffixes, and word roots with their definitions:
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical procedures is a(n) _____.
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical procedures is a(n) _____.
Which of the following is a trace element required by most living organisms?
Which of the following is a trace element required by most living organisms?
What accounts for the high percentage of oxygen (65.0%) in the human body?
What accounts for the high percentage of oxygen (65.0%) in the human body?
Which four elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter?
Which four elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter?
Which trace element is required by humans and other vertebrates but not by other organisms?
Which trace element is required by humans and other vertebrates but not by other organisms?
All life requires the same essential elements.
All life requires the same essential elements.
Which of the following are compounds?
Which of the following are compounds?
What is the mass number of an ion with 109 electrons, 159 neutrons, and a +1 charge?
What is the mass number of an ion with 109 electrons, 159 neutrons, and a +1 charge?
Match each property to the appropriate subatomic particle:
Match each property to the appropriate subatomic particle:
Sort the subatomic particles according to their masses:
Sort the subatomic particles according to their masses:
What is the atomic number of an atom with 6 protons?
What is the atomic number of an atom with 6 protons?
Which term refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses?
Which term refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses?
Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?
Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?
An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have?
An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have?
The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to _____ electrons.
The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to _____ electrons.
In an uncharged atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
In an uncharged atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
What determines the types of chemical reactions an atom participates in?
What determines the types of chemical reactions an atom participates in?
Which subatomic particle always has a positive charge?
Which subatomic particle always has a positive charge?
Changing the number of _____ would change an atom into an atom of a different element.
Changing the number of _____ would change an atom into an atom of a different element.
The atoms of different phosphorus isotopes _____.
The atoms of different phosphorus isotopes _____.
The type of bonding and the number of covalent bonds an atom can form are determined by _____.
The type of bonding and the number of covalent bonds an atom can form are determined by _____.
What is the mass number of an atom if its atomic number is 7 and it has 8 neutrons?
What is the mass number of an atom if its atomic number is 7 and it has 8 neutrons?
Which statement is true of atoms?
Which statement is true of atoms?
Dr. Jones claims an atom has 3 electrons in the first shell. What should someone tell Dr. Jones?
Dr. Jones claims an atom has 3 electrons in the first shell. What should someone tell Dr. Jones?
Which statement is true of the energy levels of electrons in shells?
Which statement is true of the energy levels of electrons in shells?
What is true of the atom shown in the diagram?
What is true of the atom shown in the diagram?
Two atoms always represent the same element if they have _____.
Two atoms always represent the same element if they have _____.
An atom has 6 electrons, 6 protons, and 6 neutrons. You can tell that this atom belongs to the element _____ because _____________________.
An atom has 6 electrons, 6 protons, and 6 neutrons. You can tell that this atom belongs to the element _____ because _____________________.
An atom has 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. Another isotope of the same element might have _____.
An atom has 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. Another isotope of the same element might have _____.
Radioactive decay is likely to occur when...
Radioactive decay is likely to occur when...
What model most accurately represents the current view of the structure of the atom?
What model most accurately represents the current view of the structure of the atom?
Which statement explains why chemists assign atoms to chemical elements by counting protons?
Which statement explains why chemists assign atoms to chemical elements by counting protons?
How many half-lives correspond to the fraction 1/2?
How many half-lives correspond to the fraction 1/2?
What represents the fraction of isotope remaining in a fossil at 10 half-lives?
What represents the fraction of isotope remaining in a fossil at 10 half-lives?
To calibrate the x-axis for 14C decay, how many years make up 5 half-lives?
To calibrate the x-axis for 14C decay, how many years make up 5 half-lives?
If the Neanderthal fossil has approximately 7.80 × 10^-3 of 14C, how many half-lives have passed since the Neanderthal died?
If the Neanderthal fossil has approximately 7.80 × 10^-3 of 14C, how many half-lives have passed since the Neanderthal died?
Using the 14C calibration, what is the approximate age of the Neanderthal fossil?
Using the 14C calibration, what is the approximate age of the Neanderthal fossil?
When did Neanderthals become extinct at this location according to the study?
When did Neanderthals become extinct at this location according to the study?
What does the evidence suggest about the overlap of Neanderthals and modern humans in the region?
What does the evidence suggest about the overlap of Neanderthals and modern humans in the region?
Can 14C be used to date dinosaur bones?
Can 14C be used to date dinosaur bones?
Could radioactive uranium-235 be used to date dinosaur fossils?
Could radioactive uranium-235 be used to date dinosaur fossils?
Knowing the atomic mass of an element allows inferences about what?
Knowing the atomic mass of an element allows inferences about what?
In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table similar?
In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table similar?
Molybdenum has an atomic number of 42. What can be true about molybdenum atoms?
Molybdenum has an atomic number of 42. What can be true about molybdenum atoms?
Why is the average atomic mass of carbon slightly more than 12 daltons?
Why is the average atomic mass of carbon slightly more than 12 daltons?
What describes the relationship between Atom 1 (1H1) and Atom 2 (3H1)?
What describes the relationship between Atom 1 (1H1) and Atom 2 (3H1)?
Nitrogen-15 has a greater mass number than nitrogen-14 because its atomic nucleus contains what?
Nitrogen-15 has a greater mass number than nitrogen-14 because its atomic nucleus contains what?
From its atomic number of 15, what can be predicted about the phosphorus atom?
From its atomic number of 15, what can be predicted about the phosphorus atom?
How many neutrons are present in a phosphorus-32 (32P) atom?
How many neutrons are present in a phosphorus-32 (32P) atom?
How many electrons will a single atom of sulfur with no charge and no bonds have in its valence shell?
How many electrons will a single atom of sulfur with no charge and no bonds have in its valence shell?
Which element exhibits chemical behavior most like that of oxygen?
Which element exhibits chemical behavior most like that of oxygen?
Which atom would most likely form a cation with a charge of +1?
Which atom would most likely form a cation with a charge of +1?
Which atom would most likely form an anion with a charge of -1?
Which atom would most likely form an anion with a charge of -1?
What is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom if it commonly has a mass number of 16?
What is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom if it commonly has a mass number of 16?
If you change the number of neutrons in an atom, what do you create?
If you change the number of neutrons in an atom, what do you create?
The atomic mass of an element can vary.
The atomic mass of an element can vary.
What is the best description of an atom's physical structure?
What is the best description of an atom's physical structure?
What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?
What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?
A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
How many single covalent bond(s) can this atom form?
How many single covalent bond(s) can this atom form?
What type of bond joins the two oxygen atoms?
What type of bond joins the two oxygen atoms?
Which figure correctly illustrates the nature of the bonding of H2O?
Which figure correctly illustrates the nature of the bonding of H2O?
Study Notes
Atomic Structure and Isotopes
- Trace elements are necessary in minimal quantities for biological functions.
- Isotope notation includes protons, neutrons, and electrons (e.g., 18O isotope: 8 protons, 10 neutrons, 8 electrons).
- Atomic number indicates the number of protons in an atom, e.g., sulfur's atomic number is 16.
Chemical Bonds and Reactions
- Chemical reactivity is influenced by unpaired electrons in an atom's valence shell.
- Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons; the type of bonding depends on the number of unpaired electrons.
- Anions possess more electrons than protons, while cations have fewer electrons.
Equilibrium and Chemical Reactions
- At chemical equilibrium, the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.
- Coefficients in balancing equations indicate the conservation of atoms in a reaction.
Elements and Compounds
- Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances; compounds consist of two or more elements combined chemically.
- Four elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen) make up about 96% of living matter.
- Magnesium and iodine are examples of trace elements that are essential for living organisms.
Radioactive Isotopes and Dating
- Carbon-14 can be used for dating organic materials up to 75,000 years old; its half-life is 5,730 years.
- Other isotopes, like uranium-235, can date much older fossils due to a longer half-life.
- The proportion of 14C in fossils decreases over time, allowing age estimation based on remaining fractions.
Electron Configuration
- Electrons are organized into shells around the nucleus, with the first shell holding a maximum of 2 electrons.
- Valence electrons determine an atom's bonding characteristics and reactivity.
- An atom can have different charges based on electron loss or gain.
Ionic and Covalent Bonds
- Ionic bonds result from the transfer of electrons between atoms, creating charged ions.
- Covalent bonds involve shared electrons; single covalent bonds share two electrons, while double bonds share four.
- Hydrogen bonds occur between polar molecules, particularly those containing hydrogen bonded to electronegative atoms.
Subatomic Particles
- Protons have a positive charge; neutrons are neutral; electrons have a negative charge.
- The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- Nuclear structure influences the stability and reactivity of an atom.
Miscellaneous Facts
- The most stable charge for magnesium ions is +2.
- An atom's behavior is heavily influenced by its electron cloud and arrangement of electrons.
- Molecular structures can be represented using structural formulas to show how atoms bond together.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Dive into the key concepts of biology with these flashcards from Chapter 2. Each card presents important terminology and definitions that are crucial for understanding the foundations of biological elements and atomic structure. Perfect for quick review and mastery of the subject matter.
