Questions and Answers
Which molecule is not a carbohydrate?
Which of the following statements about monosaccharide structure is true?
Peptidoglycan is a polysaccharide found only in bacteria.
True
Which complex carbohydrate contains only α-1,4-glycosidic linkages?
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Which of the following complex carbohydrates is listed with its correct function?
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Which polysaccharide contains a modified monosaccharide?
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What is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen?
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A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a _____
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The molecule shown in the accompanying figure is _____
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Starch and cellulose _____
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Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because _____
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Which polymers are composed of amino acids?
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Which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid?
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Which part of an amino acid is always acidic?
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Which monomers make up RNA?
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Which of the following statements about the formation of polypeptides from amino acids is true?
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Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions.
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Which statement is true of polymers?
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The organic molecule called DNA is an example of....
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Glycogen is _____.
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Glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.
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Which of these is a source of lactose?
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Which of these is a polysaccharide?
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_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
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Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____
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Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____.
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What does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages?
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Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?
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Polymers that contain sugars...
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Select the statement that is incorrect.
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates and Related Molecules
- Lipid is identified as a non-carbohydrate molecule, contrasting with starch, cellulose, and glycogen which are all carbohydrates.
- Monosaccharides, basic units of carbohydrates, consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be classified based on the arrangement of their atoms.
- Peptidoglycan is a polysaccharide unique to bacteria, highlighting its structural role in bacterial cell walls.
- Amylose, a component of starch, contains only α-1,4-glycosidic linkages, differentiating it from other polysaccharides like cellulose and glycogen.
- Cellulose serves as the structural component of plant cell walls, providing rigidity and support, whereas amylose is the main energy storage form for plants.
Functions and Properties of Polysaccharides
- Peptidoglycan features modified monosaccharides, essential for bacterial structure.
- The branching difference between starch and glycogen defines their structural properties and energy storage capabilities.
- A molecule represented by the formula C6H12O6 indicates a monosaccharide, often recognized as glucose.
- Starch and cellulose are polymers of glucose, each serving distinct biological functions in energy storage and structural roles respectively.
Human Digestion of Carbohydrates
- Starch can be digested by humans due to the presence of enzymes capable of hydrolyzing its α-glycosidic linkages, contrasting with cellulose's β-glycosidic linkages which humans cannot digest.
Proteins and Amino Acids
- Proteins are polymers composed of amino acids, essential for a myriad of biological functions.
- An amino acid's central carbon connects to four groups, including a carboxyl group, amino group, a side chain ("R group"), but not an oxygen.
- The carboxyl functional group of amino acids is always acidic and plays a critical role in peptide bond formation during protein synthesis.
RNA and Nucleotides
- RNA is composed of nucleotides, emphasizing the importance of these units as the building blocks of genetic material.
- Polypeptides form through the condensation reaction between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, facilitated by dehydration synthesis.
Enzymatic Reactions
- Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions, aiding in the breakdown of complex molecules for absorption.
General Characteristics of Polymers
- Polymers are always composed of monomers, refuting any notions that they may be formed through hydrolysis.
- DNA exemplifies a polymer made of nucleotides, crucial for heredity and cellular function.
Specific Carbohydrate Examples
- Glycogen is a polysaccharide found in animals used for energy storage, while cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
- Sucrose, a disaccharide, forms through the glycosidic linkage of glucose and fructose.
- Plant cell walls primarily consist of cellulose, an important source of dietary fiber, often referred to as insoluble fiber.
Classification of Sugars
- Lactose is categorized as a disaccharide, derived from one glucose and one galactose molecule.
- Complex sugars represent a category of carbohydrates, while simple sugars have a basic composition of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Misconceptions About Carbohydrates
- The incorrect statement that all carbohydrates adhere to the general formula Cn(H₂O)n indicates a common misconception in carbohydrate chemistry.
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Test your knowledge of carbohydrates and their structures with these flashcards from Biology 4. The quiz will cover key concepts related to lipids and monosaccharides, helping you solidify your understanding of these important biomolecules.
