Mastering Biology 4: Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Which molecule is not a carbohydrate?

  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
  • Lipid (correct)

    • Which of the following statements about monosaccharide structure is true?

  • Monosaccharides can be classified according to the spatial arrangement of their atoms. (correct)
  • Aldoses and ketoses differ in the position of their hydroxyl groups.
  • All monosaccharides contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.
  • A six-carbon sugar is called a pentose.

    • Peptidoglycan is a polysaccharide found only in bacteria.

    True

    Which complex carbohydrate contains only α-1,4-glycosidic linkages?

    <p>Amylose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complex carbohydrates is listed with its correct function?

    <p>Cellulose: structural component of plant cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polysaccharide contains a modified monosaccharide?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen?

    <p>The amount of branching that occurs in the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a _____

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The molecule shown in the accompanying figure is _____

    <p>A hexose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Starch and cellulose _____

    <p>Are polymers of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because _____

    <p>Humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α-glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β-glycosidic linkages of cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polymers are composed of amino acids?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid?

    <p>An oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of an amino acid is always acidic?

    <p>Carboxyl functional group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monomers make up RNA?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the formation of polypeptides from amino acids is true?

    <p>A bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true of polymers?

    <p>They are always made of monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The organic molecule called DNA is an example of....

    <p>A polymer made of nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogen is _____.

    <p>A polysaccharide found in animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

    <p>Maltose + water...dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a source of lactose?

    <p>Milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a polysaccharide?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____

    <p>Glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____.

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?

    <p>As a disaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polymers that contain sugars...

    <p>Both (b) and (c).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the statement that is incorrect.

    <p>All carbohydrates have the general formula Cn(H2O)n.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Lipid is identified as a non-carbohydrate molecule, contrasting with starch, cellulose, and glycogen which are all carbohydrates.
    • Monosaccharides, basic units of carbohydrates, consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be classified based on the arrangement of their atoms.
    • Peptidoglycan is a polysaccharide unique to bacteria, highlighting its structural role in bacterial cell walls.
    • Amylose, a component of starch, contains only α-1,4-glycosidic linkages, differentiating it from other polysaccharides like cellulose and glycogen.
    • Cellulose serves as the structural component of plant cell walls, providing rigidity and support, whereas amylose is the main energy storage form for plants.

    Functions and Properties of Polysaccharides

    • Peptidoglycan features modified monosaccharides, essential for bacterial structure.
    • The branching difference between starch and glycogen defines their structural properties and energy storage capabilities.
    • A molecule represented by the formula C6H12O6 indicates a monosaccharide, often recognized as glucose.
    • Starch and cellulose are polymers of glucose, each serving distinct biological functions in energy storage and structural roles respectively.

    Human Digestion of Carbohydrates

    • Starch can be digested by humans due to the presence of enzymes capable of hydrolyzing its α-glycosidic linkages, contrasting with cellulose's β-glycosidic linkages which humans cannot digest.

    Proteins and Amino Acids

    • Proteins are polymers composed of amino acids, essential for a myriad of biological functions.
    • An amino acid's central carbon connects to four groups, including a carboxyl group, amino group, a side chain ("R group"), but not an oxygen.
    • The carboxyl functional group of amino acids is always acidic and plays a critical role in peptide bond formation during protein synthesis.

    RNA and Nucleotides

    • RNA is composed of nucleotides, emphasizing the importance of these units as the building blocks of genetic material.
    • Polypeptides form through the condensation reaction between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, facilitated by dehydration synthesis.

    Enzymatic Reactions

    • Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions, aiding in the breakdown of complex molecules for absorption.

    General Characteristics of Polymers

    • Polymers are always composed of monomers, refuting any notions that they may be formed through hydrolysis.
    • DNA exemplifies a polymer made of nucleotides, crucial for heredity and cellular function.

    Specific Carbohydrate Examples

    • Glycogen is a polysaccharide found in animals used for energy storage, while cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
    • Sucrose, a disaccharide, forms through the glycosidic linkage of glucose and fructose.
    • Plant cell walls primarily consist of cellulose, an important source of dietary fiber, often referred to as insoluble fiber.

    Classification of Sugars

    • Lactose is categorized as a disaccharide, derived from one glucose and one galactose molecule.
    • Complex sugars represent a category of carbohydrates, while simple sugars have a basic composition of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

    Misconceptions About Carbohydrates

    • The incorrect statement that all carbohydrates adhere to the general formula Cn(H₂O)n indicates a common misconception in carbohydrate chemistry.

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    Test your knowledge of carbohydrates and their structures with these flashcards from Biology 4. The quiz will cover key concepts related to lipids and monosaccharides, helping you solidify your understanding of these important biomolecules.

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