Biomolecules: Carbohydrates Class Course

<p>Organism level</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β-Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>(Beta) b 1-4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver and Muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α-Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amylose and Amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>(Alpha) a 1-4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β(1-6)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$C_6H_{12}O_6$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$\beta$-glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing energy storage in liver and muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Debranching enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>(Beta) β 1-4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>(Alpha) α-Amylose and (Beta) β-Amylose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$\beta$-glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homopolysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structural component of fungal cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Branching enzyme (glycogen phosphorylase)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic information storage and expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbonyl and hydroxyl groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$eta$(1-4) glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides are single sugar units, while the glycosidic bond is a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by the loss of a water molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of multiple monosaccharide units. Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plants, starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants, and chitin is a structural polysaccharide in fungi and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates play a role in glycosylated compounds by being attached to proteins or lipids to form glycoproteins or glycolipids, which are involved in various biological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organ systems work together by coordinating the functions of different organs to maintain the overall health and function of the organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells associate to form tissues, which then make up organs. Organs work together to form organ systems, and multiple organ systems make up an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A community consists of populations of different species that populate the same area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of nucleic acids is to store and transmit genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary role of lipids in biological systems includes energy storage, insulation, and forming the structure of cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose is the main component in the cell wall of plants, providing structural support and rigidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main components of starch are 20% $\alpha$-Amylose and 80% Amylopectin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In starch, all the glucose repeating units are oriented in the same direction, but in cellulose, each successive glucose unit is rotated 180 degrees relative to the last repeat unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$\alpha$-Amylose is a long unbranched chain of glucose units linked by $\alpha$(1-4) bonds, while Amylopectin is a highly-branched polymer with branches every 24-30 glucose residues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose only provides fiber in the diet (50% fecal material) as most animals do not have the enzymes necessary to break the 1-4 $\beta$-glycosidic linkages in cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chitin is primarily composed of N-acetyl glucosamine, which forms the external skeleton of insects, crayfish, and other arthropods, as well as the cell wall of fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen serves as the human storage equivalent of starch, sometimes called animal starch, and is mainly stored in the liver and muscle cells as an energy reserve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate in plants, providing structural support in cell walls, while chitin is found in animals and fungi, serving as the main component of the cell wall in fungi and the external skeleton in arthropods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylated sugars occur as intermediates in energy-yielding metabolism, such as glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis, and phosphorylation makes sugars anionic, allowing some of them to participate in glycosidic bonding as reactive intermediates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycosylation involves the covalent addition of sugars to specific amino acids in glycoproteins, while phosphorylation of sugars occurs as intermediates in energy-yielding metabolism, making sugars anionic and allowing them to participate in glycosidic bonding as reactive intermediates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch is used for energy storage in plants and readily available as an energy source to most animals, while cellulose is a structural carbohydrate in plants, making up over 50% of carbon compounds, and providing fiber in animal diets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates serve as the primary energy source for cells and also act as structural components in the form of cellulose and chitin, providing support and rigidity to cell walls and exoskeletons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polysaccharides are formed by joining monosaccharides together through glycosidic linkages. Examples of complex polysaccharides include starches, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homopolysaccharides are composed of a single type of sugar monomer, such as glucans made of D-glucose sugars, while heteropolysaccharides are composed of multiple types of monosaccharides, such as hyaluronic acid found in liquid connective tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organic compounds are studied in organic chemistry to understand the structures and functions of living organisms, as they form the basis of cellular structures, metabolic reactions, and genetic information transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins serve essential functions in cells and tissues, functioning as structural components and carrying out various biological processes. They are composed of long chains of amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are responsible for transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next. They are composed of nucleotides and play a crucial role in the inheritance of genetic traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organic compounds primarily contain carbon and hydrogen, while inorganic compounds do not contain carbon bonded to another carbon or hydrogen. Understanding these differences is important in the field of organic chemistry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organic compounds exist in aqueous environments and undergo chemical reactions within a narrow temperature range. They are mainly covalently bonded using condensation reactions and broken down by hydrolytic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides are the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates, with glucose being the most abundant monosaccharide and a primary energy source for most organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macromolecules, including proteins, water, and DNA, play various essential functions at the chemical level of the biosphere, contributing to the structure, metabolism, and genetic information transmission in living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>organic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>glycosidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>community</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>community</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2000 to 200,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>b</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>amino</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recommended Reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>monomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>aqueous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inorganic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers