Master the Myelin

Dendrites

Transmitting electrical information

Preventing free passage of molecules

Oligodendrocytes

To increase the speed of conduction

Saltatory Conduction

Ca2+ channels open

Sodium (Na+)

-70 mV

To move sodium (Na+) ions outside of the neuron

Voltage dependent sodium (Na+) channels close

Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)

William O’Shaughnessy

American Medical Association

Mayan

Opium

Angelo Mariani

Cocaine

Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis

At least 489 distinct compounds among 18 different chemical classes

Sir William Osler

Schedule 1 substance

The myelin sheath protects the neuron and allows for faster conduction of action potentials.

When the action potential reaches the terminal button, Ca2+ channels open, causing fusion of synaptic vesicles with the membrane and release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

The main role of the neuron membrane is to regulate the flow of ions and maintain the resting membrane potential.

The approximate resting membrane potential of a neuron is -70mV.

inconsistent preparation, poor methods of administration, lack of dosing control

Australia, Serbia, Ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt, China, Mayan and Aztec cultures

Opium is derived from the latex in the husk of the poppy flower. It was used to provide pain relief, induce sleep, cure diarrhea, and improve libido.

Albert Niemann, a German chemist, developed a method for refining the active ingredients in cocaine. During that time, it was used to make a mixture called 'Vin Mariani' which was adored by elites and consumed by notable figures such as Thomas Edison, the Queen of Portugal, and the Pope.

The dendrites receive information from other neurons, while the soma is the core of the neuron's function, energy, and life.

Axoplasmic transport is an active process that moves proteins and other matter along microtubule tracks. It can occur in two directions: anterograde (soma to terminal buttons) and retrograde (terminal buttons to soma). Kinesin attaches to the 'to be transported' anterograde item and moves it down the microtubules, while Dynein attaches to the 'to be transported' retrograde item and moves it up the microtubules.

The neuron membrane, which is a phospholipid bilayer, separates the outside from the inside of neurons and prevents free passage of molecules (unless lipid soluble). Additionally, other proteins are inserted into the bilayer, including receptors, ion channels, and other membrane proteins.

The sodium-potassium pump helps to maintain the resting membrane potential by actively transporting three sodium ions out of the neuron for every two potassium ions brought in, creating an imbalance of positive charge outside the neuron and negative charge inside.

The forces that surround a neuron are diffusion and electrostatic pressure. Diffusion pressure causes ions to move from areas of high concentration to low concentration, while electrostatic pressure causes ions to move towards opposite charges and repel like charges.

An action potential is propagated along a neuron through a domino effect. When the membrane potential of a localized section of the neuron reaches the threshold voltage, voltage-dependent sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to flow in and trigger depolarization. The signal may decrease in strength as it moves to the next section of the neuron, but as long as it remains above the threshold voltage, the process repeats.

During the repolarization phase of an action potential, voltage-dependent potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to flow out of the neuron. This helps to restore the negative membrane potential and bring the neuron back to its resting state. Additionally, the sodium-potassium pump actively transports ions to maintain the ion balance.