32 Questions
What is the function of the thoracic duct?
The thoracic duct carries lymph from most of the body, except the upper right thorax, right upper limb, and right head and neck.
Where does the thoracic duct start?
The thoracic duct starts at the cisterna chyli.
Where does the thoracic duct lie in the posterior mediastinum?
The thoracic duct lies between the aorta and azygos vein in the posterior mediastinum.
What promotes lymph flow in the thoracic duct?
Pulsation of the aorta promotes lymph flow in the thoracic duct.
At what level does the thoracic duct cross behind the esophagus?
The thoracic duct crosses behind the esophagus to ascend on its left side at T4/5.
What is the anatomical location of the cisterna chyli?
The cisterna chyli is located at the start of the thoracic duct.
Where does the thoracic duct open into the venous circulation?
The thoracic duct opens into the left brachiocephalic vein at the junction of the left internal jugular and the left subclavian vein.
What does the thoracic duct drain from the body?
The thoracic duct drains lymph from most of the body, except the upper right thorax, right upper limb, and right head and neck.
What is the course of the thoracic duct in relation to the left lung?
The thoracic duct arches over the apex of the left lung and pleura.
What is the junction where the thoracic duct opens into the venous circulation called?
The junction where the thoracic duct opens into the venous circulation is called Pirogoff's angle.
What are potential complications of rib fractures?
Hemothorax, pneumothorax with or without pulmonary injury, splenic injury
What are the sources of the figures and images mentioned?
DAFFNER: Daffner & Hartman. Clinical Radiology. The Essentials ,4th Ed, 2014 © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. DRAKE: Drake et al. Gray’s Atlas of Anatomy 2nd Ed, 2018 © Elsevier. KELLEY: Kelly&Petersen. Sectional Anatomy for Imaging Professionals, 3rd Edition, 2013 © Mosby, Elsevier Inc MOORE: Moore et al. Clinically Oriented Anatomy 8th Ed, 2018 © Wolters Kluver. SNELL: Snell R. Clinical anatomy by Regions, 9th Ed, 2011 © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins SOBOTTA: Putz&Pabst. Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy, 14th Edition, 2006 © Urban and Fischer Verlag, Elsevier Inc SPRATT: Spratt et al. Weir and Abraham’s Imaging Atlas of Human Anatomy, 5th Edition, 2017 © Elsevier Inc.
What is the anatomical location of the cisterna chyli?
existing
What is the course of the thoracic duct in relation to the left lung?
existing
What does the thoracic duct drain from the body?
existing
What promotes lymph flow in the thoracic duct?
existing
Where does the thoracic duct lie in the posterior mediastinum?
existing
Where does the thoracic duct start?
existing
What is the junction where the thoracic duct opens into the venous circulation called?
existing
What is the function of the thoracic duct?
existing
Where does the thoracic duct open into the venous circulation?
existing
At what level does the thoracic duct cross behind the esophagus?
existing
What are the three steps in the treatment of chronic heart failure according to the DAB approach?
Step 1 = Diuretic if fluid retention, Step 2 = ACE Inhibitor or ARB, Step 3 = Beta-Blockers
What is the main purpose of using loop diuretics in the treatment of heart failure?
To increase excretion of sodium and water
What are the common side effects of loop diuretics?
Electrolyte disturbances, hypotension, renal impairment, hypovolaemia, acute gout
What is the mechanism of action of beta-blockers in heart failure?
They allow the ventricle to fill more completely during diastole and reduce renin release by the kidney
What are the main points of pharmacological intervention in heart failure management?
Strategies for treatment of chronic heart failure, treatment of acute heart failure, use of beta-blockers, inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, mechanism of action and uses of digoxin and inotropes
What are the aims of treatment for heart failure?
The aims of treatment for heart failure are to relieve symptoms, improve exercise tolerance, reduce the incidence of acute exacerbations, and reduce mortality.
What are the main strategies for treating heart failure?
The main strategies for treating heart failure are increasing cardiac contractility, reducing preload and/or afterload to decrease cardiac work demand, inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), preventing inappropriate increases in heart rate, and mobilizing oedematous fluids.
What are the main drugs used in chronic heart failure (HFrEF)?
The main drugs used in chronic heart failure (HFrEF) are loop diuretics (e.g. furosemide, bumetanide), ACE inhibitors (e.g. ramipril, lisinopril), and angiotensin II receptor blockers.
Do the main drugs used in chronic heart failure (HFrEF) correct the underlying fault?
No, the main drugs used in chronic heart failure (HFrEF) can prolong life and counteract some of the symptoms, but they do not correct the underlying fault.
What are some non-pharmacological treatment options for heart failure?
Some non-pharmacological treatment options for heart failure include lifestyle factors (e.g. exercise, diet), device therapy (e.g. pacing, cardiac resynchronization therapy, implantable cardiac defibrillators), coronary revascularization, and heart transplant.
Test your knowledge on the layers of the serous pericardium and the components of the pericardial cavity. Learn about the parietal and visceral layers, the role of the epicardium, and the production of pericardial fluid.
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