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Questions and Answers

Which formula represents the number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly?

  • N(N + 1)/2
  • N(N – 1)
  • N(N – 1)/2 (correct)
  • N(N + 1)

    • What is the value of N if N(N – 1)/2 = 499500?

  • 1001
  • 1000 (correct)
  • 1002
  • 999

    • What is the purpose of switch fabric in switches and routers?

  • To connect users on demand
  • To solve the N2 problem
  • To move the N2 problem inside the router/switch
  • To switch packets from inputs to outputs (correct)

    • Which layer of the network is responsible for routing packets to the destination?

    <p>Network layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solution to the network overload problem?

    <p>Buffering and congestion control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solution to the data corruption problem?

    <p>Adding a checksum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?

    <p>1.5 kbytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason why we need computer networking?

    <p>To exchange information between remote locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of communication is used when two computers in the same room need to communicate?

    <p>Point to point communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of packet switching in computer networking?

    <p>To enable efficient use of physical communication links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the header in a packet?

    <p>To store control information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?

    <p>Enables efficient use of link bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layered architecture in computer networking?

    <p>A hierarchical structure of network protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the N2 problem in computer networking?

    <p>The number of cables required for N computers to communicate with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of protocols in a computer network?

    <p>To define the format and order of messages sent and received</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of routers in a network?

    <p>To determine the route taken by packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of packet-switching in a computer network?

    <p>To send data through the network in discrete 'chunks'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the network edge in a computer network?

    <p>The low-speed applications and hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the network core in a computer network?

    <p>The high-speed interconnected routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?

    <p>To connect the users at the edge to the core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end-to-end delay for packet transmission in a network with a transmission rate of $R$ bps and packet size of $L$ bits?

    <p>$2L/R$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text?

    <p>Processing delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay (dnodal)?

    <p>dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay (dtrans)?

    <p>dtrans = L/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay (dprop)?

    <p>dprop = d/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the traffic intensity?

    <p>La/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does jitter refer to in the context of packet delay?

    <p>Delay variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a packet arrives at a full queue?

    <p>The packet is dropped (lost)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of throughput?

    <p>The rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the performance criteria mentioned in the text?

    <p>Bounded delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the network is responsible for routing packets to the destination?

    <p>Network Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?

    <p>To connect the users at the edge to the core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay (dtrans)?

    <p>dtrans = 2L/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solution to the network overload problem?

    <p>Packet-switching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a packet arrives at a full queue?

    <p>The packet is dropped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of packet-switching in a computer network?

    <p>To forward packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the performance criteria mentioned in the text?

    <p>Throughput</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula represents the number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly?

    <p>N(N – 1)/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay (dnodal)?

    <p>dprop + dtrans + dqueue + dproc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the traffic intensity?

    <p>$\lambda / R$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay (dtrans)?

    <p>$L / R$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?

    <p>To connect end devices to the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?

    <p>1.5 kilobytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?

    <p>It allows for efficient utilization of network resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason why we need computer networking?

    <p>To run distributed applications with different needs on different network devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of packet switching in computer networking?

    <p>To enable efficient, on-demand use of physical serial communication links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of switch fabric in switches and routers?

    <p>To forward packets to their destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of N if $N(N - 1)/2 = 499500$?

    <p>1001</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?

    <p>1500 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of throughput?

    <p>The maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a given time period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of protocols in a computer network?

    <p>To define rules and procedures for communication between network devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text?

    <p>Transmission delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the average queueing delay?

    <p>L/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a buffer in a router?

    <p>To store packets waiting for output link transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'jitter' refer to in the context of packet delay?

    <p>The delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay?

    <p>dtrans = L/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay?

    <p>dprop = d/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of protocols in a computer network?

    <p>To ensure reliable delivery of packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of routers in a network?

    <p>To forward packets between networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason why we need computer networking?

    <p>To enable communication and sharing of resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of communication is used when two computers in the same room need to communicate?

    <p>Point to point communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula represents the number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly?

    <p>N(N-1)/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of protocols in a computer network?

    <p>To define the rules and format for communication between devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?

    <p>It allows multiple packets to share the same link bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?

    <p>1.5 kilobytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of routers in a network?

    <p>To forward packets between different networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of protocols in a computer network?

    <p>To define the rules and format for communication between network devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?

    <p>It allows for efficient use of network resources by dynamically allocating bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay (dtrans)?

    <p>dtrans = L / R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay (dtrans)?

    <p>Packet size / Transmission rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of packet switching in computer networking?

    <p>To divide data into packets for efficient transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the network is responsible for routing packets to the destination?

    <p>Network layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?

    <p>1500 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of layering in computer networks?

    <p>It allows for modularization and simplification of complex systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the layers mentioned in the text?

    <p>Data layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of packet-switching in a computer network?

    <p>To forward packets in discrete chunks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?

    <p>1500 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay (dtrans)?

    <p>dtrans = L/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of protocols in a computer network?

    <p>To define the format and order of messages sent and received</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of routers in a network?

    <p>To determine the route taken by packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?

    <p>To connect the users at the edge to the core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text?

    <p>Transmission delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the average queueing delay?

    <p>$d_{queue} = L/R$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$)?

    <p>$d_{nodal} = d_{proc} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a buffer in a router?

    <p>To store packets waiting for transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$)?

    <p>$d_{trans} = L/R$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay ($d_{prop}$)?

    <p>$d_{prop} = d/s$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of throughput?

    <p>The rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'jitter' refer to in the context of packet delay?

    <p>The delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the performance criteria mentioned in the text?

    <p>Bounded delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the layers mentioned in the text?

    <p>Data layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is responsible for developing Internet standards?

    <p>Internet Engineering Task Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of packet-switching in a computer network?

    <p>To forward packets between routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the end-to-end delay in a packet-switched network?

    <p>$2L/R$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?

    <p>To connect end systems to the network core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of protocols in a computer network?

    <p>To define the format and order of messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of routers in a network?

    <p>To forward packets between networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula represents the number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly?

    <p>N(N - 1)/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of packet-switching in a computer network?

    <p>To send packets towards the destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?

    <p>1.5 kilobytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?

    <p>It efficiently utilizes network resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solution to the network overload problem?

    <p>Buffering and congestion control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the network is responsible for routing packets to the destination?

    <p>Network layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of protocols in a computer network?

    <p>To define rules for communication between network devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text?

    <p>Transmission delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$)?

    <p>$d_{nodal} = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$)?

    <p>$d_{trans} = L/R$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'jitter' refer to in the context of packet delay?

    <p>Delay variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a buffer in a router?

    <p>To store packets waiting for transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the traffic intensity?

    <p>$La/R$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?

    <p>1500 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of throughput?

    <p>The rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the performance criteria mentioned in the text?

    <p>Low packet delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason why computer networking is necessary?

    <p>To exchange information between remote locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of packet-switching in a computer network?

    <p>To enable efficient, on-demand use of physical serial communication links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of routers in a network?

    <p>To route packets to the destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?

    <p>Enables efficient, on-demand use of physical serial communication links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$)?

    <p>$d_{nodal} = d_{proc} + d_{queue} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?

    <p>To connect end systems to the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of protocols in a computer network?

    <p>To define rules for communication between network devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula represents the number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly?

    <p>N(N – 1)/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solution to the data corruption problem?

    <p>Add a checksum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?

    <p>To provide connectivity between end devices and the network core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of switch fabric in switches and routers?

    <p>To switch packets from inputs to outputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solution to the network overload problem?

    <p>Buffering and Congestion Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?

    <p>1.5 kilobytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?

    <p>It allows for efficient sharing of network resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason why we need computer networking?

    <p>To run distributed applications on different network devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the layers mentioned in the text?

    <p>Packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of routers in a network?

    <p>To route packets to their destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?

    <p>Enables efficient, on-demand use of physical serial communication links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the traffic intensity?

    <p>$T = rac{L}{R}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of throughput?

    <p>The amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a given amount of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does jitter refer to in the context of packet delay?

    <p>The variation in delay of received packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is one of the four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text?

    <p>Processing delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$)?

    <p>$d_{nodal} = d_{proc} + d_{queue} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the average queueing delay?

    <p>$d_{queue} = \frac{La},{R}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?

    <p>To connect end systems to the network core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?

    <p>1500 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a packet arrives at a full queue?

    <p>The packet is dropped (lost)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of packet-switching in a computer network?

    <p>To route packets to the destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay ($d_{prop}$)?

    <p>$d_{prop} = \frac{d},{s}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the performance criteria mentioned in the text?

    <p>Bounded delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of protocols in a computer network?

    <p>To define the format and order of messages sent and received among network entities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?

    <p>To connect the users at the edge to the core of the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) in a packet-switched network?

    <p>$d_{trans} = \frac{L}{R}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay ($d_{prop}$) in a network?

    <p>$d_{prop} = \frac{2L}{R}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of routers in a network?

    <p>To determine the source-destination route taken by packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the network edge in a computer network?

    <p>The low-speed applications and hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of throughput in a computer network?

    <p>The number of bits that can be transmitted per unit of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The N2 problem requires N(N – 1)/2 connections for N users to be fully connected directly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Switches and routers use special network devices to connect users on demand.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packet switching involves statistical multiplexing on router output ports.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Adding a checksum can solve the problem of data corruption in a network.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Buffering and congestion control can address the problem of network overload.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Fragmenting data across packets can help solve the problem of different data and packet sizes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Adding sequence numbers can solve the issue of data being out of order in a network.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Computer networking is only necessary when computers are in the same physical location.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The computer network should be transparent to the application.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packets are transmitted one by one using the full link bandwidth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Statistical multiplexing allows for multiple packets to access the link at the same time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Point-to-point communication between two computers in the same room can be achieved using a cross cable.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The number of cables required for N computers to communicate with each other is proportional to N^2.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The N^2 problem refers to the exponential increase in the number of required cables as the number of computers increases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate for a period of time, packets can be dropped if the memory fills up.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The transmission delay and propagation delay are always equal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The average queueing delay is small when the traffic intensity is close to 0.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Jitter refers to the delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: A packet arriving to a full buffer is always retransmitted.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Throughput is the rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver over a given period of time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Bounded delay, small packet-loss probability, and maximum throughput are examples of performance criteria in computer networks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Quality of Service (QoS) refers to service differentiation among classes of traffic.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The packet loss ratio is related to the high-class traffic.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Internet is a network of interconnected ISPs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Protocols define the format, order of messages, and actions taken on message transmission and receipt among network entities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Routers determine the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The network core is composed of interconnected routers and is responsible for high-speed data transfer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packet-switching involves sending data through the network in discrete chunks called packets.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The end-to-end delay in packet-switching is calculated using the formula 2L/R, where L is the size of the packet in bits and R is the transmission rate in bits per second.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Store-and-forward packet switching requires the entire packet to arrive at a router before it can be transmitted to the next link.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Internet is a network of interconnected ISPs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Internet is a network of interconnected hosts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Protocols define the format and order of messages sent and received among network entities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Routers determine the source-destination route taken by packets using forwarding algorithms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packet-switching involves transmitting data in discrete chunks called packets.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: In virtual circuit switching, a dedicated circuit is established for each call.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The network core is composed of interconnected routers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Computer networking is necessary when computers are in different physical locations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The purpose of protocols in a computer network is to define the format, order of messages, and actions taken on message transmission and receipt among network entities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet is 1500 bytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The transmission delay and propagation delay are always equal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packets are transmitted one by one using the full link bandwidth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: A packet arriving to a full buffer is always retransmitted.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Routers determine the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The N2 problem requires N(N-1)/2 connections for N users to be fully connected directly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Switches and routers are used to connect users on demand, and only require N connections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packet-switching involves packets arriving on different ports and statistical multiplexing on router output ports.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The solution to the network overload problem is buffering and congestion control.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet is 1.5 kilobytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Layering in computer networks allows for modularization and simplification of complex systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Each layer in a network relies on services from the layer below and exports services to the layer above.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate, packets can be dropped if the buffer fills up.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The transmission delay is calculated by dividing the packet length by the link bandwidth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The propagation delay is calculated by dividing the length of the physical link by the propagation speed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The average queueing delay is small when the traffic intensity is close to 0.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Jitter refers to the delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The end-to-end delay in packet-switching is calculated using the formula 2L/R, where L is the size of the packet in bits and R is the transmission rate in bits per second.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Buffering and congestion control can address the problem of network overload.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Routers determine the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Protocols define the format, order of messages, and actions taken on message transmission and receipt among network entities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Computer networking is necessary when computers are in different physical locations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The N^2 problem refers to the exponential increase in the number of required cables as the number of computers increases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Store-and-forward packet switching requires the entire packet to arrive at a router before it can be transmitted to the next link.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate for a period of time, packets can be dropped if the memory fills up.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Internet is a network of interconnected ISPs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packet-switching involves transmitting data in discrete chunks called packets.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The N2 problem requires N(N – 1)/2 connections for N users to be fully connected directly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Switching requires N(N – 1)/2 connections for N users to be fully connected directly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Switches and routers use special network devices to connect users on demand.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packet-switching involves packets arriving on different ports and statistical multiplexing on router output ports.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet is 1.5kbytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Layering in computer networks allows for modularization and eases maintenance and updating of the system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The network core is composed of interconnected routers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Adding a checksum can solve the problem of data corruption in a network.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Internet is composed of billions of connected computing devices.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Internet is a network of interconnected ISPs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The network core is composed of interconnected routers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packet-switching involves sending data through the network in discrete chunks called packets.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: In virtual circuit switching, a dedicated circuit is established for each call.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Store-and-forward packet switching requires the entire packet to arrive at a router before it can be transmitted to the next link.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Layering in computer networks allows for modularization and simplification of complex systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate for a period of time, packets can be dropped if the memory fills up.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$) is $d_{nodal} = d_{proc} + d_{queue} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) is $d_{trans} = \frac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $R$ is the link bandwidth (in bps).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The formula for calculating the propagation delay ($d_{prop}$) is $d_{prop} = \frac{d}{s}$, where $d$ is the length of the physical link and $s$ is the propagation speed in the medium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The average queueing delay is small when the traffic intensity ($La/R$) is close to 0.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Jitter refers to the delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packets arriving to a full buffer are lost.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The throughput is the rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Quality of Service (QoS) refers to service differentiation among classes of traffic.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Layering allows for explicit structure and modularization in complex systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Each network layer relies on services from the layer below and exports services to the layer above.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: A change in the implementation of a layer's service affects the rest of the system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The solution to the data corruption problem is adding a checksum.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet is 1.5 kilobytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The solution to the network overload problem is buffering and congestion control.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The N^2 problem refers to the exponential increase in the number of required cables as the number of computers increases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Internet is a network of interconnected ISPs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packet-switching involves sending data through the network in discrete chunks called packets.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: In virtual circuit switching, a dedicated circuit is established for each call.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Routers determine the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate, packets can be dropped if the buffer fills up.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Quality of Service (QoS) refers to service differentiation among classes of traffic.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Layering in computer networks allows for modularization and eases maintenance and updating of the system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Computer networking is only necessary when computers are in the same physical location.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Adding sequence numbers can solve the issue of data being out of order in a network.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The network core is composed of interconnected routers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$) is $d_{nodal} = d_{proc} + d_{queue} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Jitter refers to the delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Buffering and congestion control can address the problem of network overload.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Quality of Service (QoS) refers to service differentiation among classes of traffic.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate for a period of time, packets will queue and can be dropped if the buffer fills up.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$) is $d_{proc} + d_{queue} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) in a packet-switched network can be calculated using the formula $d_{trans} = rac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $R$ is the link bandwidth (in bps).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The propagation delay ($d_{prop}$) in a network can be calculated using the formula $d_{prop} = rac{d}{s}$, where $d$ is the length of the physical link and $s$ is the propagation speed in the medium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The average queueing delay is small when the traffic intensity ($ rac{La}{R}$) is close to 0.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packet loss can occur when a packet arrives at a full buffer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet is 1500 bytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Statistical multiplexing allows for multiple packets to access the link at the same time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Layering in computer networks allows for modularization and eases maintenance and updating of the system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Computer networking is necessary when we want to exchange information between remote locations that are not at the same physical location.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The purpose of a computer network is to enable the running of distributed applications with different needs on different network devices.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: In computer networking, the computer network should be transparent to the applications.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packet switching involves transmitting data in discrete chunks called packets.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate for a period of time, packets can be dropped if the buffer fills up.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Statistical multiplexing allows for multiple packets to access the link at the same time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: In a computer network, the purpose of routers is to determine the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Internet is a network of interconnected ISPs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is responsible for developing Internet standards.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packet-switching involves sending data through the network in discrete chunks called packets.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: In circuit switching, a dedicated circuit is established for each call.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The network core consists of interconnected routers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The end-to-end delay in packet-switching is calculated using the formula $2L/R$, where $L$ is the size of the packet in bits and $R$ is the transmission rate in bits per second.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) in a packet-switched network can be calculated using the formula $d_{trans} = rac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $R$ is the link bandwidth (in bps).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate for a period of time, packets will queue and can be dropped if the buffer fills up.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) in a packet-switched network can be calculated using the formula $d_{trans} = rac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $R$ is the link bandwidth (in bps).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The propagation delay ($d_{prop}$) in a network can be calculated using the formula $d_{prop} = rac{d}{s}$, where $d$ is the length of the physical link and $s$ is the propagation speed in the medium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The average queueing delay is small when the traffic intensity ($ rac{La}{R}$) is close to 0.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packet loss can occur when a packet arrives at a full buffer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Throughput refers to the rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Jitter refers to the delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The network core is composed of interconnected routers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Quality of Service (QoS) refers to service differentiation among classes of traffic.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The N2 problem requires N(N-1)/2 connections for N users to be fully connected directly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Switches and routers use special network devices to connect users on demand.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Adding a checksum can solve the problem of data corruption in a network.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Buffering and congestion control can address the problem of network overload.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Fragmenting data across packets can help solve the problem of different data and packet sizes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Adding sequence numbers can solve the issue of data being out of order in a network.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Statistical multiplexing allows for multiple packets to access the link at the same time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The N2 problem requires N(N – 1)/2 connections for N users to be fully connected directly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The average queueing delay is small when the traffic intensity is close to 0.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Routers determine the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Computer networking is only necessary when computers are in the same physical location.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Packet-switching involves sending data through the network in discrete chunks called packets.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The transmission delay and propagation delay are always equal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Each layer in a network relies on services from the layer below and exports services to the layer above.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the maximum number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly in a network?

    <p>N(N-1)/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?

    <p>To efficiently utilize available bandwidth by allowing multiple packets to share the same link.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solution to the data corruption problem in a network?

    <p>Adding a checksum to the data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?

    <p>1500 bytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of layering in computer networks?

    <p>To simplify complex systems by modularizing network functionality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text?

    <p>Transmission delay, propagation delay, queueing delay, and processing delay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the average queueing delay in a network?

    <p>d_{queue} = \frac{L},{R(1-\rho)}$, where $L$ is the packet length, $R$ is the link bandwidth, and $\rho$ is the traffic intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four sources of packet delay in a computer network?

    <p>nodal processing, queueing, transmission, propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay in a computer network?

    <p>dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) in a computer network?

    <p>dtrans = \frac{L}{R}</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay ($d_{prop}$) in a computer network?

    <p>dprop = \frac{d}{s}</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the traffic intensity in a computer network?

    <p>La/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of buffering in a computer network?

    <p>to temporarily store packets that arrive faster than they can be transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of quality of service (QoS) in a computer network?

    <p>to provide service differentiation among classes of traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of routers in a computer network?

    <p>to forward packets and determine the source-destination route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of layering in computer networks?

    <p>to allow for explicit structure and modularization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we need computer networking?

    <p>We need computer networking to exchange information between/among remote locations that are not at the same physical location. Additionally, computer networking allows us to run distributed applications with different needs on different network devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three sources that generate data in a single network interface?

    <p>The three sources that generate data in a single network interface are: web browsing, email, and multimedia streaming (Internet radio).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of packet switching in a computer network?

    <p>The purpose of packet switching is to enable efficient, on-demand use of physical serial communication links by transmitting packets one by one using the full link bandwidth. It also allows for buffering of multiple packets if they need to access the link at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you make two computers communicate if they are in the same room?

    <p>If two computers are in the same room, you can make them communicate by using a cross cable for point-to-point communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cables do you need for three computers to communicate with each other?

    <p>To allow three computers to communicate with each other, you would need three cables. For N computers, you would need N(N-1)/2 cables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of routers in a network?

    <p>The main function of routers in a network is to forward packets from one network to another based on the destination IP address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the N2 problem?

    <p>The N2 problem refers to the number of direct connections required between N users in a fully connected network. The formula to calculate the number of connections is N(N-1)/2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of layering in a computer network?

    <p>The purpose of layering in a computer network is to divide the network functionality into separate layers, each responsible for a specific set of tasks. This allows for modular design, easier implementation, and interoperability between different network devices and protocols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protocols in a computer network?

    <p>Protocols in a computer network define the format, order of messages, and actions taken on message transmission and receipt among network entities. They provide a set of rules and guidelines for communication between computers, ensuring that data is transmitted correctly and efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is packet switching and how does it work?

    <p>Packet switching is a method of transmitting data in a network by dividing it into small packets and sending them individually. These packets are routed independently through the network, allowing for more efficient use of network resources and better handling of network congestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between circuit switching and packet switching?

    <p>Circuit switching involves establishing a dedicated communication path between the sender and receiver before any data transmission takes place, while packet switching involves breaking data into small packets and sending them individually without the need for a dedicated path. Circuit switching provides a constant bandwidth and delay for the duration of the communication, while packet switching allows for more efficient use of network resources and better handling of network congestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?

    <p>Statistical multiplexing allows for multiple packets to access the link at the same time, increasing the overall efficiency and utilization of the network. It also provides fairness and flexibility in sharing network resources among different users or applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?

    <p>The purpose of access networks is to connect end users or devices to the core network infrastructure. They provide the physical and logical interface between the end systems and the rest of the network, allowing for communication and access to network services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of routers in a computer network?

    <p>Routers are network devices responsible for forwarding packets between different networks or subnetworks. They determine the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms and maintain forwarding tables to efficiently direct packets to their destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the maximum number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly?

    <p>$N(N - 1)/2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a router or switch in a network?

    <p>To connect users on demand and move the N2 problem inside the router/switch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solution to the data corruption problem in a network?

    <p>Adding a checksum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of buffering and congestion control in a network?

    <p>To handle network overload and prevent packet loss by temporarily storing and controlling the flow of packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fragmentation in a network?

    <p>To divide data into smaller packets to fit within the maximum packet size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solution to the out-of-order data problem in a network?

    <p>Adding sequence numbers to packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of layering in computer networking?

    <p>To simplify complex systems and modularize network functionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of computer networking?

    <p>The advantages of computer networking include the ability to exchange information between remote locations, run distributed applications with different needs on different network devices, and enable efficient communication between devices in the same physical location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a computer network?

    <p>The role of a computer network is to facilitate the exchange of information between/among remote locations and enable the running of distributed applications on different network devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basic principles of computer networking?

    <p>The basic principles of computer networking include packet switching, layered architecture, and addressing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is packet switching?

    <p>Packet switching is a method of transmitting data in which it is divided into small packets and sent individually across a network. This enables efficient use of the network bandwidth and allows multiple packets to access the link at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a network in exchanging information?

    <p>The purpose of a network is to enable communication and information exchange between devices. If two computers are in the same room, a cross cable can be used for point-to-point communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cables are needed for three computers to communicate with each other?

    <p>To enable communication between three computers, each computer needs to be connected to the other two computers. This requires a total of three cables. For 1000 computers, the number of cables needed would be 1000*999/2, which is a N2 problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of statistical multiplexing?

    <p>Statistical multiplexing is a technique used in packet switching networks where packets from multiple sources are transmitted one by one using the full link bandwidth. If multiple packets need to access the link at the same time, one packet is transmitted while others are buffered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text?

    <p>The four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text are nodal processing, queueing delay, transmission delay, and propagation delay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$)?

    <p>The formula for calculating the total nodal delay is $d_{nodal} = d_{proc} + d_{queue} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$)?

    <p>The formula for calculating the transmission delay is $d_{trans} = \frac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $R$ is the link bandwidth (in bps).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay ($d_{prop}$)?

    <p>The formula for calculating the propagation delay is $d_{prop} = \frac{d}{s}$, where $d$ is the length of the physical link and $s$ is the propagation speed in the medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the average queueing delay?

    <p>The formula for calculating the average queueing delay is $\text{average queueing delay} = \frac{La}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $a$ is the average packet arrival rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between traffic intensity and average queueing delay?

    <p>The relationship between traffic intensity and average queueing delay is that as the traffic intensity (La/R) increases, the average queueing delay also increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of jitter in the context of packet delay?

    <p>Jitter is the delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a buffer in a computer network?

    <p>The purpose of a buffer is to temporarily store packets that arrive at a rate faster than they can be transmitted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum throughput in a computer network?

    <p>The maximum throughput in a computer network is when the rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver is at its highest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of address addressing at each layer in a computer network?

    <p>The purpose of addressing at each layer in a computer network is to identify the destination of the device and/or application. This includes application address, network address, and device address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Internet?

    <p>The Internet is a network of billions of connected computing devices, including hosts (end systems) and packet switches. It provides services to applications and allows for communication through interconnected ISPs using various protocols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the infrastructure provided by the Internet?

    <p>The infrastructure provided by the Internet includes services such as web, streaming video, multimedia teleconferencing, email, games, ecommerce, social media, and interconnected appliances. It also provides a programming interface for distributed applications to connect and use the Internet transport service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the network core composed of?

    <p>The network core is composed of interconnected routers that transfer data through the network. It forms the backbone of the Internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of switching used in computer networks?

    <p>The different types of switching used in computer networks are packet-switching, virtual circuit switching, and datagram switching. Packet-switching is commonly used in the Internet, where data is sent in discrete chunks (packets) and forwarded by routers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end-to-end delay in packet-switching?

    <p>The end-to-end delay in packet-switching is given by the formula $2L/R$, where $L$ is the size of the packet in bits and $R$ is the transmission rate in bits per second.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of routers in a computer network?

    <p>The purpose of routers in a computer network is to forward packets from the router's input to the appropriate output based on the routing algorithm and the destination address in the packet's header.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of addressing used in computer networks?

    <p>The three types of addressing used in computer networks are application address, network address, and device address. The application address consists of the sender and receiver's TCP port and IP address. The network address is the IP address used by all network devices. The device address is the MAC address, which is a unique address known only to neighbor devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Internet?

    <p>The Internet is a network of networks, consisting of billions of connected computing devices. It allows for the transmission of data and the running of network applications at the Internet's 'edge'. It is interconnected through ISPs (Internet Service Providers) and uses various protocols for sending and receiving messages, such as HTTP, TCP, IP, WiFi, and Ethernet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Internet infrastructure?

    <p>The Internet infrastructure provides services to applications, such as web browsing, streaming video, multimedia teleconferencing, email, ecommerce, and social media. It also provides a programming interface to distributed applications, allowing them to 'connect' to and use the Internet's transport service. The infrastructure offers service options, analogous to a postal service, for the efficient transmission of data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of the Internet's network topology?

    <p>The components of the Internet's network topology include hosts (end systems), packet switches (routers and switches), communication links (such as fiber, copper, radio, and satellite), and networks (collections of devices, routers, and links managed by organizations). These components work together to facilitate the transmission of data across the Internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protocols in computer networks?

    <p>Protocols define the format, order, and actions taken on the transmission and receipt of messages among network entities. They ensure that communication between computers follows specific and unambiguous rules. Examples of protocols include TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, and Ethernet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between packet switching and circuit switching?

    <p>Packet switching involves sending data through the network in discrete 'chunks' called packets. Each packet is individually routed based on destination addresses. In circuit switching, a dedicated circuit is established for the duration of a call, providing a direct path between the sender and receiver. Packet switching allows for more efficient use of network resources and enables the transmission of multiple packets simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of routers in a computer network?

    <p>Routers are responsible for determining the source-destination route taken by packets in a network. They use routing algorithms to make these decisions and maintain forwarding tables for efficient packet forwarding. Routers play a crucial role in ensuring that data reaches its intended destination by selecting the most appropriate paths through the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly?

    <p>$N(N - 1)/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of switch fabric in switches and routers?

    <p>To switch packets from inputs to outputs inside the router/switch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?

    <p>1.5kbytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of buffering and congestion control in network overload?

    <p>To adjust the rate of packets and prevent buffer overflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solution to the data corruption problem?

    <p>Adding a checksum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?

    <p>To connect end users to the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of layering in network functionality?

    <p>To simplify complex systems and provide a modular approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protocols in computer networks?

    <p>Protocols define the format, order of messages, and actions taken on message transmission and receipt among network entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Internet infrastructure?

    <p>The Internet infrastructure provides services to applications such as web, streaming video, multimedia teleconferencing, email, games, ecommerce, social media, and interconnected appliances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between circuit switching and packet switching?

    <p>In circuit switching, a dedicated circuit is established for each call, while in packet switching, data is sent through the network in discrete chunks called packets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?

    <p>Access networks connect the users at the edge of the network to the core, providing the connection between the edge and the core routers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?

    <p>Statistical multiplexing allows multiple users to share the same network resources, increasing the overall efficiency of the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) in a packet-switched network?

    <p>$d_{trans} = \frac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $R$ is the link bandwidth (in bps).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay ($d_{prop}$) in a packet-switched network?

    <p>$d_{prop} = \frac{d}{s}$, where $d$ is the distance and $s$ is the propagation speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of computer networking?

    <p>Computer networking allows for the exchange of information between remote locations, enables the running of distributed applications with different needs on different network devices, and provides transparency to applications by abstracting the underlying network operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of routers in a network?

    <p>The main purpose of routers in a network is to forward packets of data between different networks, ensuring that the data reaches its intended destination efficiently and accurately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?

    <p>The maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet is 1500 bytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay (dtrans)?

    <p>The formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) is $d_{trans} = \frac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $R$ is the link bandwidth (in bps).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cables do you need for three computers to communicate with each other?

    <p>To enable communication between three computers, you would need three cables. For N computers, the number of cables required would be N(N-1)/2, resulting in a total of 1000(1000-1)/2 = 499,500 cables for 1000 computers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protocols in a computer network?

    <p>Protocols define the rules and procedures that govern the communication between network devices. They ensure that data is transmitted reliably, efficiently, and securely across the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?

    <p>Access networks provide the physical and logical connection between end devices (such as computers or smartphones) and the rest of the network infrastructure. They enable users to access the network and its resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four sources of packet delay in a computer network?

    <p>The four sources of packet delay in a computer network are: nodal processing, queueing delay, transmission delay, and propagation delay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the nodal delay in a computer network?

    <p>The formula for calculating the nodal delay in a computer network is: $d_{nodal} = d_{proc} + d_{queue} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay in a computer network?

    <p>The formula for calculating the transmission delay in a computer network is: $d_{trans} = \frac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length in bits and $R$ is the link bandwidth in bits per second.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay in a computer network?

    <p>The formula for calculating the propagation delay in a computer network is: $d_{prop} = \frac{d}{s}$, where $d$ is the length of the physical link and $s$ is the propagation speed in the medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the traffic intensity in a computer network?

    <p>The formula for calculating the traffic intensity in a computer network is: $\frac{La}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length in bits and $a$ is the average packet arrival rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between traffic intensity and average queueing delay in a computer network?

    <p>If the traffic intensity ($La/R$) is close to 0, the average queueing delay is small. If the traffic intensity is close to 1, the average queueing delay is large. If the traffic intensity is greater than 1, there is more &quot;work&quot; arriving than can be serviced, resulting in an infinite average delay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of buffering in a computer network?

    <p>The purpose of buffering in a computer network is to temporarily store packets that are waiting to be transmitted on a link. It helps to regulate the flow of packets and prevent packet loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of jitter in a computer network?

    <p>Jitter is the delay variation of packets in a computer network. It occurs due to changing network conditions and can affect the quality of service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of throughput in a computer network?

    <p>The purpose of throughput in a computer network is to measure the rate at which bits are transferred between the sender and receiver. It can be instantaneous or average over a longer period of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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