404 Questions
Which formula represents the number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly?
N(N – 1)/2
What is the value of N if N(N – 1)/2 = 499500?
1000
What is the purpose of switch fabric in switches and routers?
To switch packets from inputs to outputs
Which layer of the network is responsible for routing packets to the destination?
Network layer
What is the solution to the network overload problem?
Buffering and congestion control
What is the solution to the data corruption problem?
Adding a checksum
What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?
1.5 kbytes
Which of the following is a reason why we need computer networking?
To exchange information between remote locations
What type of communication is used when two computers in the same room need to communicate?
Point to point communication
What is the purpose of packet switching in computer networking?
To enable efficient use of physical communication links
What is the main function of the header in a packet?
To store control information
What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?
Enables efficient use of link bandwidth
What is the layered architecture in computer networking?
A hierarchical structure of network protocols
What is the N2 problem in computer networking?
The number of cables required for N computers to communicate with each other
Which of the following best describes the purpose of protocols in a computer network?
To define the format and order of messages sent and received
What is the main function of routers in a network?
To determine the route taken by packets
What is the purpose of packet-switching in a computer network?
To send data through the network in discrete 'chunks'
What is the network edge in a computer network?
The low-speed applications and hosts
What is the network core in a computer network?
The high-speed interconnected routers
What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?
To connect the users at the edge to the core
What is the end-to-end delay for packet transmission in a network with a transmission rate of $R$ bps and packet size of $L$ bits?
$2L/R$
Which of the following is NOT one of the four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text?
Processing delay
What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay (dnodal)?
dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay (dtrans)?
dtrans = L/R
What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay (dprop)?
dprop = d/s
What is the formula for calculating the traffic intensity?
La/R
What does jitter refer to in the context of packet delay?
Delay variation
What happens if a packet arrives at a full queue?
The packet is dropped (lost)
What is the definition of throughput?
The rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver
What is one of the performance criteria mentioned in the text?
Bounded delay
Which layer of the network is responsible for routing packets to the destination?
Network Layer
What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?
To connect the users at the edge to the core
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay (dtrans)?
dtrans = 2L/R
What is the solution to the network overload problem?
Packet-switching
What happens if a packet arrives at a full queue?
The packet is dropped
What is the purpose of packet-switching in a computer network?
To forward packets
What is one of the performance criteria mentioned in the text?
Throughput
Which formula represents the number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly?
N(N – 1)/2
What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay (dnodal)?
dprop + dtrans + dqueue + dproc
What is the formula for calculating the traffic intensity?
$\lambda / R$
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay (dtrans)?
$L / R$
What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?
To connect end devices to the network
What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?
1.5 kilobytes
What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?
It allows for efficient utilization of network resources
Which of the following is a reason why we need computer networking?
To run distributed applications with different needs on different network devices
What is the purpose of packet switching in computer networking?
To enable efficient, on-demand use of physical serial communication links
What is the purpose of switch fabric in switches and routers?
To forward packets to their destination
What is the value of N if $N(N - 1)/2 = 499500$?
1001
What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?
1500 bytes
What is the definition of throughput?
The maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a given time period
Which of the following best describes the purpose of protocols in a computer network?
To define rules and procedures for communication between network devices
Which of the following is NOT one of the four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text?
Transmission delay
What is the formula for calculating the average queueing delay?
L/R
What is the purpose of a buffer in a router?
To store packets waiting for output link transmission
What does the term 'jitter' refer to in the context of packet delay?
The delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay?
dtrans = L/R
What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay?
dprop = d/s
What is the purpose of protocols in a computer network?
To ensure reliable delivery of packets
What is the purpose of routers in a network?
To forward packets between networks
Which of the following is a reason why we need computer networking?
To enable communication and sharing of resources
Which type of communication is used when two computers in the same room need to communicate?
Point to point communication
Which formula represents the number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly?
N(N-1)/2
What is the purpose of protocols in a computer network?
To define the rules and format for communication between devices
What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?
It allows multiple packets to share the same link bandwidth
What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?
1.5 kilobytes
What is the purpose of routers in a network?
To forward packets between different networks
What is the purpose of protocols in a computer network?
To define the rules and format for communication between network devices
What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?
It allows for efficient use of network resources by dynamically allocating bandwidth
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay (dtrans)?
dtrans = L / R
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay (dtrans)?
Packet size / Transmission rate
What is the purpose of packet switching in computer networking?
To divide data into packets for efficient transmission
Which layer of the network is responsible for routing packets to the destination?
Network layer
What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?
1500 bytes
What is the advantage of layering in computer networks?
It allows for modularization and simplification of complex systems
Which of the following is NOT one of the layers mentioned in the text?
Data layer
What is the purpose of packet-switching in a computer network?
To forward packets in discrete chunks
What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?
1500 bytes
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay (dtrans)?
dtrans = L/R
What is the purpose of protocols in a computer network?
To define the format and order of messages sent and received
What is the main function of routers in a network?
To determine the route taken by packets
What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?
To connect the users at the edge to the core
Which of the following is NOT one of the four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text?
Transmission delay
What is the formula for calculating the average queueing delay?
$d_{queue} = L/R$
What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$)?
$d_{nodal} = d_{proc} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$
What is the purpose of a buffer in a router?
To store packets waiting for transmission
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$)?
$d_{trans} = L/R$
What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay ($d_{prop}$)?
$d_{prop} = d/s$
What is the definition of throughput?
The rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver
What does the term 'jitter' refer to in the context of packet delay?
The delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions
What is one of the performance criteria mentioned in the text?
Bounded delay
Which of the following is NOT one of the layers mentioned in the text?
Data layer
Which organization is responsible for developing Internet standards?
Internet Engineering Task Force
What is the purpose of packet-switching in a computer network?
To forward packets between routers
What is the formula for calculating the end-to-end delay in a packet-switched network?
$2L/R$
What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?
To connect end systems to the network core
What is the purpose of protocols in a computer network?
To define the format and order of messages
What is the purpose of routers in a network?
To forward packets between networks
Which formula represents the number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly?
N(N - 1)/2
What is the purpose of packet-switching in a computer network?
To send packets towards the destination
What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?
1.5 kilobytes
What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?
It efficiently utilizes network resources
What is the solution to the network overload problem?
Buffering and congestion control
Which layer of the network is responsible for routing packets to the destination?
Network layer
What is the purpose of protocols in a computer network?
To define rules for communication between network devices
Which of the following is NOT one of the four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text?
Transmission delay
What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$)?
$d_{nodal} = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop$
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$)?
$d_{trans} = L/R$
What does the term 'jitter' refer to in the context of packet delay?
Delay variation
What is the purpose of a buffer in a router?
To store packets waiting for transmission
What is the formula for calculating the traffic intensity?
$La/R$
What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?
1500 bytes
What is the definition of throughput?
The rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver
What is one of the performance criteria mentioned in the text?
Low packet delay
Which of the following is a reason why computer networking is necessary?
To exchange information between remote locations
What is the purpose of packet-switching in a computer network?
To enable efficient, on-demand use of physical serial communication links
What is the main function of routers in a network?
To route packets to the destination
What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?
Enables efficient, on-demand use of physical serial communication links
What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$)?
$d_{nodal} = d_{proc} + d_{queue} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$
What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?
To connect end systems to the network
What is the purpose of protocols in a computer network?
To define rules for communication between network devices
Which formula represents the number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly?
N(N – 1)/2
What is the solution to the data corruption problem?
Add a checksum
What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?
To provide connectivity between end devices and the network core
What is the purpose of switch fabric in switches and routers?
To switch packets from inputs to outputs
What is the solution to the network overload problem?
Buffering and Congestion Control
What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?
1.5 kilobytes
What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?
It allows for efficient sharing of network resources
Which of the following is a reason why we need computer networking?
To run distributed applications on different network devices
Which of the following is NOT one of the layers mentioned in the text?
Packets
What is the purpose of routers in a network?
To route packets to their destination
What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?
Enables efficient, on-demand use of physical serial communication links
What is the formula for calculating the traffic intensity?
$T = rac{L}{R}$
What is the definition of throughput?
The amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a given amount of time
What does jitter refer to in the context of packet delay?
The variation in delay of received packets
Which of the following is one of the four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text?
Processing delay
What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$)?
$d_{nodal} = d_{proc} + d_{queue} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$
What is the formula for calculating the average queueing delay?
$d_{queue} = \frac{La},{R}$
What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?
To connect end systems to the network core
What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?
1500 bytes
What happens if a packet arrives at a full queue?
The packet is dropped (lost)
What is the purpose of packet-switching in a computer network?
To route packets to the destination
What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay ($d_{prop}$)?
$d_{prop} = \frac{d},{s}$
What is one of the performance criteria mentioned in the text?
Bounded delay
Which of the following best describes the purpose of protocols in a computer network?
To define the format and order of messages sent and received among network entities
What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?
To connect the users at the edge to the core of the network
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) in a packet-switched network?
$d_{trans} = \frac{L}{R}$
What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay ($d_{prop}$) in a network?
$d_{prop} = \frac{2L}{R}$
What is the purpose of routers in a network?
To determine the source-destination route taken by packets
What is the network edge in a computer network?
The low-speed applications and hosts
What is the definition of throughput in a computer network?
The number of bits that can be transmitted per unit of time
True or false: The N2 problem requires N(N – 1)/2 connections for N users to be fully connected directly.
True
True or false: Switches and routers use special network devices to connect users on demand.
True
True or false: Packet switching involves statistical multiplexing on router output ports.
True
True or false: Adding a checksum can solve the problem of data corruption in a network.
True
True or false: Buffering and congestion control can address the problem of network overload.
True
True or false: Fragmenting data across packets can help solve the problem of different data and packet sizes.
True
True or false: Adding sequence numbers can solve the issue of data being out of order in a network.
True
True or false: Computer networking is only necessary when computers are in the same physical location.
False
True or false: The computer network should be transparent to the application.
True
True or false: Packets are transmitted one by one using the full link bandwidth.
True
True or false: Statistical multiplexing allows for multiple packets to access the link at the same time.
False
True or false: Point-to-point communication between two computers in the same room can be achieved using a cross cable.
True
True or false: The number of cables required for N computers to communicate with each other is proportional to N^2.
True
True or false: The N^2 problem refers to the exponential increase in the number of required cables as the number of computers increases.
True
True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate for a period of time, packets can be dropped if the memory fills up.
True
True or false: The transmission delay and propagation delay are always equal.
False
True or false: The average queueing delay is small when the traffic intensity is close to 0.
True
True or false: Jitter refers to the delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions.
True
True or false: A packet arriving to a full buffer is always retransmitted.
False
True or false: Throughput is the rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver over a given period of time.
True
True or false: Bounded delay, small packet-loss probability, and maximum throughput are examples of performance criteria in computer networks.
True
True or false: Quality of Service (QoS) refers to service differentiation among classes of traffic.
True
True or false: The packet loss ratio is related to the high-class traffic.
True
True or false: The Internet is a network of interconnected ISPs.
True
True or false: Protocols define the format, order of messages, and actions taken on message transmission and receipt among network entities.
True
True or false: Routers determine the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms.
True
True or false: The network core is composed of interconnected routers and is responsible for high-speed data transfer.
True
True or false: Packet-switching involves sending data through the network in discrete chunks called packets.
True
True or false: The end-to-end delay in packet-switching is calculated using the formula 2L/R, where L is the size of the packet in bits and R is the transmission rate in bits per second.
True
True or false: Store-and-forward packet switching requires the entire packet to arrive at a router before it can be transmitted to the next link.
True
True or false: The Internet is a network of interconnected ISPs.
True
True or false: The Internet is a network of interconnected hosts.
True
True or false: Protocols define the format and order of messages sent and received among network entities.
True
True or false: Routers determine the source-destination route taken by packets using forwarding algorithms.
False
True or false: Packet-switching involves transmitting data in discrete chunks called packets.
True
True or false: In virtual circuit switching, a dedicated circuit is established for each call.
True
True or false: The network core is composed of interconnected routers.
True
True or false: Computer networking is necessary when computers are in different physical locations.
True
True or false: The purpose of protocols in a computer network is to define the format, order of messages, and actions taken on message transmission and receipt among network entities.
True
True or false: The maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet is 1500 bytes.
True
True or false: The transmission delay and propagation delay are always equal.
False
True or false: Packets are transmitted one by one using the full link bandwidth.
True
True or false: A packet arriving to a full buffer is always retransmitted.
False
True or false: Routers determine the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms.
True
True or false: The N2 problem requires N(N-1)/2 connections for N users to be fully connected directly.
True
True or false: Switches and routers are used to connect users on demand, and only require N connections.
False
True or false: Packet-switching involves packets arriving on different ports and statistical multiplexing on router output ports.
True
True or false: The solution to the network overload problem is buffering and congestion control.
True
True or false: The maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet is 1.5 kilobytes.
False
True or false: Layering in computer networks allows for modularization and simplification of complex systems.
True
True or false: Each layer in a network relies on services from the layer below and exports services to the layer above.
True
True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate, packets can be dropped if the buffer fills up.
True
True or false: The transmission delay is calculated by dividing the packet length by the link bandwidth.
True
True or false: The propagation delay is calculated by dividing the length of the physical link by the propagation speed.
True
True or false: The average queueing delay is small when the traffic intensity is close to 0.
True
True or false: Jitter refers to the delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions.
True
True or false: The end-to-end delay in packet-switching is calculated using the formula 2L/R, where L is the size of the packet in bits and R is the transmission rate in bits per second.
False
True or false: Buffering and congestion control can address the problem of network overload.
True
True or false: Routers determine the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms.
True
True or false: Protocols define the format, order of messages, and actions taken on message transmission and receipt among network entities.
True
True or false: Computer networking is necessary when computers are in different physical locations.
True
True or false: The N^2 problem refers to the exponential increase in the number of required cables as the number of computers increases.
True
True or false: Store-and-forward packet switching requires the entire packet to arrive at a router before it can be transmitted to the next link.
True
True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate for a period of time, packets can be dropped if the memory fills up.
True
True or false: The Internet is a network of interconnected ISPs.
True
True or false: Packet-switching involves transmitting data in discrete chunks called packets.
True
True or false: The N2 problem requires N(N – 1)/2 connections for N users to be fully connected directly.
True
True or false: Switching requires N(N – 1)/2 connections for N users to be fully connected directly.
True
True or false: Switches and routers use special network devices to connect users on demand.
True
True or false: Packet-switching involves packets arriving on different ports and statistical multiplexing on router output ports.
True
True or false: The maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet is 1.5kbytes.
False
True or false: Layering in computer networks allows for modularization and eases maintenance and updating of the system.
True
True or false: The network core is composed of interconnected routers.
True
True or false: Adding a checksum can solve the problem of data corruption in a network.
True
True or false: The Internet is composed of billions of connected computing devices.
True
True or false: The Internet is a network of interconnected ISPs.
True
True or false: The network core is composed of interconnected routers.
True
True or false: Packet-switching involves sending data through the network in discrete chunks called packets.
True
True or false: In virtual circuit switching, a dedicated circuit is established for each call.
True
True or false: Store-and-forward packet switching requires the entire packet to arrive at a router before it can be transmitted to the next link.
True
True or false: Layering in computer networks allows for modularization and simplification of complex systems.
True
True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate for a period of time, packets can be dropped if the memory fills up.
True
True or false: The formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$) is $d_{nodal} = d_{proc} + d_{queue} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$.
True
True or false: The formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) is $d_{trans} = \frac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $R$ is the link bandwidth (in bps).
True
True or false: The formula for calculating the propagation delay ($d_{prop}$) is $d_{prop} = \frac{d}{s}$, where $d$ is the length of the physical link and $s$ is the propagation speed in the medium.
True
True or false: The average queueing delay is small when the traffic intensity ($La/R$) is close to 0.
True
True or false: Jitter refers to the delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions.
True
True or false: Packets arriving to a full buffer are lost.
True
True or false: The throughput is the rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver.
True
True or false: Quality of Service (QoS) refers to service differentiation among classes of traffic.
True
True or false: Layering allows for explicit structure and modularization in complex systems.
True
True or false: Each network layer relies on services from the layer below and exports services to the layer above.
True
True or false: A change in the implementation of a layer's service affects the rest of the system.
False
True or false: The solution to the data corruption problem is adding a checksum.
True
True or false: The maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet is 1.5 kilobytes.
True
True or false: The solution to the network overload problem is buffering and congestion control.
True
True or false: The N^2 problem refers to the exponential increase in the number of required cables as the number of computers increases.
False
True or false: The Internet is a network of interconnected ISPs.
True
True or false: Packet-switching involves sending data through the network in discrete chunks called packets.
True
True or false: In virtual circuit switching, a dedicated circuit is established for each call.
True
True or false: Routers determine the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms.
True
True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate, packets can be dropped if the buffer fills up.
True
True or false: Quality of Service (QoS) refers to service differentiation among classes of traffic.
True
True or false: Layering in computer networks allows for modularization and eases maintenance and updating of the system.
True
True or false: Computer networking is only necessary when computers are in the same physical location.
False
True or false: Adding sequence numbers can solve the issue of data being out of order in a network.
True
True or false: The network core is composed of interconnected routers.
True
True or false: The formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$) is $d_{nodal} = d_{proc} + d_{queue} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$.
True
True or false: Jitter refers to the delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions.
True
True or false: Buffering and congestion control can address the problem of network overload.
True
True or false: Quality of Service (QoS) refers to service differentiation among classes of traffic.
True
True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate for a period of time, packets will queue and can be dropped if the buffer fills up.
True
True or false: The formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$) is $d_{proc} + d_{queue} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$.
True
True or false: The transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) in a packet-switched network can be calculated using the formula $d_{trans} = rac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $R$ is the link bandwidth (in bps).
True
True or false: The propagation delay ($d_{prop}$) in a network can be calculated using the formula $d_{prop} = rac{d}{s}$, where $d$ is the length of the physical link and $s$ is the propagation speed in the medium.
True
True or false: The average queueing delay is small when the traffic intensity ($ rac{La}{R}$) is close to 0.
True
True or false: Packet loss can occur when a packet arrives at a full buffer.
True
True or false: The maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet is 1500 bytes.
True
True or false: Statistical multiplexing allows for multiple packets to access the link at the same time.
True
True or false: Layering in computer networks allows for modularization and eases maintenance and updating of the system.
True
True or false: Computer networking is necessary when we want to exchange information between remote locations that are not at the same physical location.
True
True or false: The purpose of a computer network is to enable the running of distributed applications with different needs on different network devices.
True
True or false: In computer networking, the computer network should be transparent to the applications.
True
True or false: Packet switching involves transmitting data in discrete chunks called packets.
True
True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate for a period of time, packets can be dropped if the buffer fills up.
True
True or false: Statistical multiplexing allows for multiple packets to access the link at the same time.
True
True or false: In a computer network, the purpose of routers is to determine the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms.
True
True or false: The Internet is a network of interconnected ISPs.
True
True or false: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is responsible for developing Internet standards.
True
True or false: Packet-switching involves sending data through the network in discrete chunks called packets.
True
True or false: In circuit switching, a dedicated circuit is established for each call.
True
True or false: The network core consists of interconnected routers.
True
True or false: The end-to-end delay in packet-switching is calculated using the formula $2L/R$, where $L$ is the size of the packet in bits and $R$ is the transmission rate in bits per second.
True
True or false: The transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) in a packet-switched network can be calculated using the formula $d_{trans} = rac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $R$ is the link bandwidth (in bps).
True
True or false: If the arrival rate to a link exceeds the transmission rate for a period of time, packets will queue and can be dropped if the buffer fills up.
True
True or false: The transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) in a packet-switched network can be calculated using the formula $d_{trans} = rac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $R$ is the link bandwidth (in bps).
True
True or false: The propagation delay ($d_{prop}$) in a network can be calculated using the formula $d_{prop} = rac{d}{s}$, where $d$ is the length of the physical link and $s$ is the propagation speed in the medium.
True
True or false: The average queueing delay is small when the traffic intensity ($ rac{La}{R}$) is close to 0.
True
True or false: Packet loss can occur when a packet arrives at a full buffer.
True
True or false: Throughput refers to the rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver.
True
True or false: Jitter refers to the delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions.
True
True or false: The network core is composed of interconnected routers.
True
True or false: Quality of Service (QoS) refers to service differentiation among classes of traffic.
True
True or false: The N2 problem requires N(N-1)/2 connections for N users to be fully connected directly.
True
True or false: Switches and routers use special network devices to connect users on demand.
True
True or false: Adding a checksum can solve the problem of data corruption in a network.
True
True or false: Buffering and congestion control can address the problem of network overload.
True
True or false: Fragmenting data across packets can help solve the problem of different data and packet sizes.
True
True or false: Adding sequence numbers can solve the issue of data being out of order in a network.
True
True or false: Statistical multiplexing allows for multiple packets to access the link at the same time.
True
True or false: The N2 problem requires N(N – 1)/2 connections for N users to be fully connected directly.
True
True or false: The average queueing delay is small when the traffic intensity is close to 0.
True
True or false: Routers determine the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms.
True
True or false: Computer networking is only necessary when computers are in the same physical location.
False
True or false: Packet-switching involves sending data through the network in discrete chunks called packets.
True
True or false: The transmission delay and propagation delay are always equal.
False
True or false: Each layer in a network relies on services from the layer below and exports services to the layer above.
True
What is the formula for calculating the maximum number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly in a network?
N(N-1)/2
What is the purpose of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?
To efficiently utilize available bandwidth by allowing multiple packets to share the same link.
What is the solution to the data corruption problem in a network?
Adding a checksum to the data.
What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?
1500 bytes.
What is the purpose of layering in computer networks?
To simplify complex systems by modularizing network functionality.
What are the four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text?
Transmission delay, propagation delay, queueing delay, and processing delay.
What is the formula for calculating the average queueing delay in a network?
d_{queue} = \frac{L},{R(1-\rho)}$, where $L$ is the packet length, $R$ is the link bandwidth, and $\rho$ is the traffic intensity.
What are the four sources of packet delay in a computer network?
nodal processing, queueing, transmission, propagation
What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay in a computer network?
dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) in a computer network?
dtrans = \frac{L}{R}
What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay ($d_{prop}$) in a computer network?
dprop = \frac{d}{s}
What is the formula for calculating the traffic intensity in a computer network?
La/R
What is the purpose of buffering in a computer network?
to temporarily store packets that arrive faster than they can be transmitted
What is the purpose of quality of service (QoS) in a computer network?
to provide service differentiation among classes of traffic
What is the purpose of routers in a computer network?
to forward packets and determine the source-destination route
What is the advantage of layering in computer networks?
to allow for explicit structure and modularization
Why do we need computer networking?
We need computer networking to exchange information between/among remote locations that are not at the same physical location. Additionally, computer networking allows us to run distributed applications with different needs on different network devices.
What are the three sources that generate data in a single network interface?
The three sources that generate data in a single network interface are: web browsing, email, and multimedia streaming (Internet radio).
What is the purpose of packet switching in a computer network?
The purpose of packet switching is to enable efficient, on-demand use of physical serial communication links by transmitting packets one by one using the full link bandwidth. It also allows for buffering of multiple packets if they need to access the link at the same time.
How would you make two computers communicate if they are in the same room?
If two computers are in the same room, you can make them communicate by using a cross cable for point-to-point communication.
How many cables do you need for three computers to communicate with each other?
To allow three computers to communicate with each other, you would need three cables. For N computers, you would need N(N-1)/2 cables.
What is the main function of routers in a network?
The main function of routers in a network is to forward packets from one network to another based on the destination IP address.
What is the N2 problem?
The N2 problem refers to the number of direct connections required between N users in a fully connected network. The formula to calculate the number of connections is N(N-1)/2.
What is the purpose of layering in a computer network?
The purpose of layering in a computer network is to divide the network functionality into separate layers, each responsible for a specific set of tasks. This allows for modular design, easier implementation, and interoperability between different network devices and protocols.
What is the role of protocols in a computer network?
Protocols in a computer network define the format, order of messages, and actions taken on message transmission and receipt among network entities. They provide a set of rules and guidelines for communication between computers, ensuring that data is transmitted correctly and efficiently.
What is packet switching and how does it work?
Packet switching is a method of transmitting data in a network by dividing it into small packets and sending them individually. These packets are routed independently through the network, allowing for more efficient use of network resources and better handling of network congestion.
What is the difference between circuit switching and packet switching?
Circuit switching involves establishing a dedicated communication path between the sender and receiver before any data transmission takes place, while packet switching involves breaking data into small packets and sending them individually without the need for a dedicated path. Circuit switching provides a constant bandwidth and delay for the duration of the communication, while packet switching allows for more efficient use of network resources and better handling of network congestion.
What are the advantages of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?
Statistical multiplexing allows for multiple packets to access the link at the same time, increasing the overall efficiency and utilization of the network. It also provides fairness and flexibility in sharing network resources among different users or applications.
What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?
The purpose of access networks is to connect end users or devices to the core network infrastructure. They provide the physical and logical interface between the end systems and the rest of the network, allowing for communication and access to network services.
What is the role of routers in a computer network?
Routers are network devices responsible for forwarding packets between different networks or subnetworks. They determine the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms and maintain forwarding tables to efficiently direct packets to their destination.
What is the formula for calculating the maximum number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly?
$N(N - 1)/2$
What is the purpose of a router or switch in a network?
To connect users on demand and move the N2 problem inside the router/switch
What is the solution to the data corruption problem in a network?
Adding a checksum
What is the purpose of buffering and congestion control in a network?
To handle network overload and prevent packet loss by temporarily storing and controlling the flow of packets
What is the purpose of fragmentation in a network?
To divide data into smaller packets to fit within the maximum packet size
What is the solution to the out-of-order data problem in a network?
Adding sequence numbers to packets
What is the purpose of layering in computer networking?
To simplify complex systems and modularize network functionality
What are the advantages of computer networking?
The advantages of computer networking include the ability to exchange information between remote locations, run distributed applications with different needs on different network devices, and enable efficient communication between devices in the same physical location.
What is the role of a computer network?
The role of a computer network is to facilitate the exchange of information between/among remote locations and enable the running of distributed applications on different network devices.
What are the basic principles of computer networking?
The basic principles of computer networking include packet switching, layered architecture, and addressing.
What is packet switching?
Packet switching is a method of transmitting data in which it is divided into small packets and sent individually across a network. This enables efficient use of the network bandwidth and allows multiple packets to access the link at the same time.
What is the purpose of a network in exchanging information?
The purpose of a network is to enable communication and information exchange between devices. If two computers are in the same room, a cross cable can be used for point-to-point communication.
How many cables are needed for three computers to communicate with each other?
To enable communication between three computers, each computer needs to be connected to the other two computers. This requires a total of three cables. For 1000 computers, the number of cables needed would be 1000*999/2, which is a N2 problem.
What is the concept of statistical multiplexing?
Statistical multiplexing is a technique used in packet switching networks where packets from multiple sources are transmitted one by one using the full link bandwidth. If multiple packets need to access the link at the same time, one packet is transmitted while others are buffered.
What are the four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text?
The four sources of packet delay mentioned in the text are nodal processing, queueing delay, transmission delay, and propagation delay.
What is the formula for calculating the total nodal delay ($d_{nodal}$)?
The formula for calculating the total nodal delay is $d_{nodal} = d_{proc} + d_{queue} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$.
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$)?
The formula for calculating the transmission delay is $d_{trans} = \frac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $R$ is the link bandwidth (in bps).
What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay ($d_{prop}$)?
The formula for calculating the propagation delay is $d_{prop} = \frac{d}{s}$, where $d$ is the length of the physical link and $s$ is the propagation speed in the medium.
What is the formula for calculating the average queueing delay?
The formula for calculating the average queueing delay is $\text{average queueing delay} = \frac{La}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $a$ is the average packet arrival rate.
What is the relationship between traffic intensity and average queueing delay?
The relationship between traffic intensity and average queueing delay is that as the traffic intensity (La/R) increases, the average queueing delay also increases.
What is the definition of jitter in the context of packet delay?
Jitter is the delay variation of packets due to changing network conditions.
What is the purpose of a buffer in a computer network?
The purpose of a buffer is to temporarily store packets that arrive at a rate faster than they can be transmitted.
What is the maximum throughput in a computer network?
The maximum throughput in a computer network is when the rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver is at its highest.
What is the purpose of address addressing at each layer in a computer network?
The purpose of addressing at each layer in a computer network is to identify the destination of the device and/or application. This includes application address, network address, and device address.
What is the Internet?
The Internet is a network of billions of connected computing devices, including hosts (end systems) and packet switches. It provides services to applications and allows for communication through interconnected ISPs using various protocols.
What is the infrastructure provided by the Internet?
The infrastructure provided by the Internet includes services such as web, streaming video, multimedia teleconferencing, email, games, ecommerce, social media, and interconnected appliances. It also provides a programming interface for distributed applications to connect and use the Internet transport service.
What is the network core composed of?
The network core is composed of interconnected routers that transfer data through the network. It forms the backbone of the Internet.
What are the different types of switching used in computer networks?
The different types of switching used in computer networks are packet-switching, virtual circuit switching, and datagram switching. Packet-switching is commonly used in the Internet, where data is sent in discrete chunks (packets) and forwarded by routers.
What is the end-to-end delay in packet-switching?
The end-to-end delay in packet-switching is given by the formula $2L/R$, where $L$ is the size of the packet in bits and $R$ is the transmission rate in bits per second.
What is the purpose of routers in a computer network?
The purpose of routers in a computer network is to forward packets from the router's input to the appropriate output based on the routing algorithm and the destination address in the packet's header.
What are the three types of addressing used in computer networks?
The three types of addressing used in computer networks are application address, network address, and device address. The application address consists of the sender and receiver's TCP port and IP address. The network address is the IP address used by all network devices. The device address is the MAC address, which is a unique address known only to neighbor devices.
What is the Internet?
The Internet is a network of networks, consisting of billions of connected computing devices. It allows for the transmission of data and the running of network applications at the Internet's 'edge'. It is interconnected through ISPs (Internet Service Providers) and uses various protocols for sending and receiving messages, such as HTTP, TCP, IP, WiFi, and Ethernet.
What is the purpose of the Internet infrastructure?
The Internet infrastructure provides services to applications, such as web browsing, streaming video, multimedia teleconferencing, email, ecommerce, and social media. It also provides a programming interface to distributed applications, allowing them to 'connect' to and use the Internet's transport service. The infrastructure offers service options, analogous to a postal service, for the efficient transmission of data.
What are the components of the Internet's network topology?
The components of the Internet's network topology include hosts (end systems), packet switches (routers and switches), communication links (such as fiber, copper, radio, and satellite), and networks (collections of devices, routers, and links managed by organizations). These components work together to facilitate the transmission of data across the Internet.
What is the role of protocols in computer networks?
Protocols define the format, order, and actions taken on the transmission and receipt of messages among network entities. They ensure that communication between computers follows specific and unambiguous rules. Examples of protocols include TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, and Ethernet.
What is the difference between packet switching and circuit switching?
Packet switching involves sending data through the network in discrete 'chunks' called packets. Each packet is individually routed based on destination addresses. In circuit switching, a dedicated circuit is established for the duration of a call, providing a direct path between the sender and receiver. Packet switching allows for more efficient use of network resources and enables the transmission of multiple packets simultaneously.
What is the purpose of routers in a computer network?
Routers are responsible for determining the source-destination route taken by packets in a network. They use routing algorithms to make these decisions and maintain forwarding tables for efficient packet forwarding. Routers play a crucial role in ensuring that data reaches its intended destination by selecting the most appropriate paths through the network.
What is the formula for calculating the number of connections required for N users to be fully connected directly?
$N(N - 1)/2
What is the purpose of switch fabric in switches and routers?
To switch packets from inputs to outputs inside the router/switch
What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?
1.5kbytes
What is the purpose of buffering and congestion control in network overload?
To adjust the rate of packets and prevent buffer overflow
What is the solution to the data corruption problem?
Adding a checksum
What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?
To connect end users to the network
What is the purpose of layering in network functionality?
To simplify complex systems and provide a modular approach
What is the role of protocols in computer networks?
Protocols define the format, order of messages, and actions taken on message transmission and receipt among network entities.
What is the purpose of the Internet infrastructure?
The Internet infrastructure provides services to applications such as web, streaming video, multimedia teleconferencing, email, games, ecommerce, social media, and interconnected appliances.
What is the difference between circuit switching and packet switching?
In circuit switching, a dedicated circuit is established for each call, while in packet switching, data is sent through the network in discrete chunks called packets.
What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?
Access networks connect the users at the edge of the network to the core, providing the connection between the edge and the core routers.
What is the advantage of statistical multiplexing in packet transmission?
Statistical multiplexing allows multiple users to share the same network resources, increasing the overall efficiency of the network.
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) in a packet-switched network?
$d_{trans} = \frac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $R$ is the link bandwidth (in bps).
What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay ($d_{prop}$) in a packet-switched network?
$d_{prop} = \frac{d}{s}$, where $d$ is the distance and $s$ is the propagation speed.
What are the advantages of computer networking?
Computer networking allows for the exchange of information between remote locations, enables the running of distributed applications with different needs on different network devices, and provides transparency to applications by abstracting the underlying network operations.
What is the purpose of routers in a network?
The main purpose of routers in a network is to forward packets of data between different networks, ensuring that the data reaches its intended destination efficiently and accurately.
What is the maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet?
The maximum size of an IP packet on Ethernet is 1500 bytes.
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay (dtrans)?
The formula for calculating the transmission delay ($d_{trans}$) is $d_{trans} = \frac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length (in bits) and $R$ is the link bandwidth (in bps).
How many cables do you need for three computers to communicate with each other?
To enable communication between three computers, you would need three cables. For N computers, the number of cables required would be N(N-1)/2, resulting in a total of 1000(1000-1)/2 = 499,500 cables for 1000 computers.
What is the role of protocols in a computer network?
Protocols define the rules and procedures that govern the communication between network devices. They ensure that data is transmitted reliably, efficiently, and securely across the network.
What is the purpose of access networks in a computer network?
Access networks provide the physical and logical connection between end devices (such as computers or smartphones) and the rest of the network infrastructure. They enable users to access the network and its resources.
What are the four sources of packet delay in a computer network?
The four sources of packet delay in a computer network are: nodal processing, queueing delay, transmission delay, and propagation delay.
What is the formula for calculating the nodal delay in a computer network?
The formula for calculating the nodal delay in a computer network is: $d_{nodal} = d_{proc} + d_{queue} + d_{trans} + d_{prop}$.
What is the formula for calculating the transmission delay in a computer network?
The formula for calculating the transmission delay in a computer network is: $d_{trans} = \frac{L}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length in bits and $R$ is the link bandwidth in bits per second.
What is the formula for calculating the propagation delay in a computer network?
The formula for calculating the propagation delay in a computer network is: $d_{prop} = \frac{d}{s}$, where $d$ is the length of the physical link and $s$ is the propagation speed in the medium.
What is the formula for calculating the traffic intensity in a computer network?
The formula for calculating the traffic intensity in a computer network is: $\frac{La}{R}$, where $L$ is the packet length in bits and $a$ is the average packet arrival rate.
What is the relationship between traffic intensity and average queueing delay in a computer network?
If the traffic intensity ($La/R$) is close to 0, the average queueing delay is small. If the traffic intensity is close to 1, the average queueing delay is large. If the traffic intensity is greater than 1, there is more "work" arriving than can be serviced, resulting in an infinite average delay.
What is the purpose of buffering in a computer network?
The purpose of buffering in a computer network is to temporarily store packets that are waiting to be transmitted on a link. It helps to regulate the flow of packets and prevent packet loss.
What is the definition of jitter in a computer network?
Jitter is the delay variation of packets in a computer network. It occurs due to changing network conditions and can affect the quality of service.
What is the purpose of throughput in a computer network?
The purpose of throughput in a computer network is to measure the rate at which bits are transferred between the sender and receiver. It can be instantaneous or average over a longer period of time.
Test your knowledge of networking layers and addressing with this quiz. Learn about the different layers in the networking stack and how addressing is used to identify destinations at each layer.
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