70 Questions
Which of the following is a fundamental component of a reflex control system for blood pressure?
An integrating center for the afferent inputs
Where are the main baroreceptors located?
Walls of the aorta
What happens to baroreceptor activity when blood pressure decreases?
Firing rate decreases
What is the purpose of nervous control of arterial pressure?
To maintain a relatively constant arterial blood pressure
Which cranial nerve do the afferent fibers from the carotid artery baroreceptors follow?
Glossopharyngeal (IXth cranial) nerve
Which receptors sense central blood volume in the cardiovascular system?
B. Cardiopulmonary baroreceptors
Which reflex is activated in response to increased blood in the atria?
B. Bainbridge reflex
Which effectors are targeted in the reflex control of blood pressure?
A. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
Which component of the cardiovascular system is responsible for continuous low-level tone affecting total peripheral resistance?
D. Sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone
Which control system is activated as a 'last ditch stand' when blood flow to the medullary cardiovascular control centre is severely reduced?
C. CNS ischemic response
Which hormone is released by the pituitary gland in response to increased osmotic pressure and hypovolemia?
ADH
What is the primary determinant of long-term regulation of blood pressure?
Renal output curve for salt and water
What happens to urine production when arterial pressure decreases?
Urine production decreases
Which receptors sense changes in blood volume and blood osmotic pressure?
Osmoreceptors
What is the effect of hypotension on arterial baroreceptor firing?
Arterial baroreceptor firing increases
Which hormone is released from the kidneys in response to sympathetic nerve activation and renal artery hypotension?
Renin
Which hormone acts on resistance vessels to increase total peripheral resistance?
Angiotensin II
Which hormone helps oppose the effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
Atrial-natriuretic hormone
Which hormone stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, leading to increased sodium and water reabsorption?
Angiotensin II
Which hormone is synthesized and stored in muscle cells of the atria, and is released in response to stretch of the atria?
Atrial-natriuretic hormone
Which of the following is responsible for controlling heart rate?
Autonomic innervation
Which of the following arteries supply the conduction system of the heart?
Coronary arteries
Where is pain originating from the heart referred to?
Chest
Which artery is dominant in approximately 80% of people?
Right coronary artery
Which artery supplies both the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes?
Right coronary artery
What is the primary artery that supplies blood to the anterior interventricular (LAD) branch?
Left coronary artery
Which structure runs along the membranous part of the IV septum and is the only conductive route through the fibrous skeleton?
Bundle of His
Which branch descends on the right side of the membranous part of the IV septum and enters the septomarginal trabecula to reach the base of the anterior papillary muscle?
Right Bundle branch
Which branch descends on the left side of the membranous part of the IV septum and splits into Purkinje fibers?
Left Bundle branch
Which nerve carries parasympathetic fibers that decrease the heart rate and constrict coronary arteries?
Vagus nerve
During strenuous exercise, the work output of the heart increases by approximately how much?
8-9x
What percentage of coronary blood flow does the heart use during strenuous exercise?
70-80%
Which receptors are responsible for causing vasoconstriction of skeletal muscle arterioles during sympathetic stimulation?
α1 receptors
Which receptors are responsible for causing vasodilation of skeletal muscle arterioles during sympathetic stimulation?
β2 receptors
Which neurotransmitter would dominate in causing vasodilation of skeletal muscle arterioles during sympathetic stimulation?
Adrenaline
Which artery supplies the walls of the right atrium and right ventricle?
Right coronary artery
What is the primary controller of coronary blood flow?
Local metabolism
Which artery supplies the walls of the left atrium and left ventricle?
Left coronary artery
What is the effect of anaerobic glycolysis on lactate acid production?
Increases lactate acid production
Where does the left coronary artery supply blood to?
Left atrium and left ventricle
Which of the following is true about capillary hydrostatic pressure?
It drops from the arterial end to the venous end.
Which of the following is true about plasma oncotic pressure?
It is predominantly generated by albumin.
What is the role of the lymphatic system in controlling interstitial fluid volume?
It drains excess fluid from the capillaries.
Which of the following is true about venous return?
It is a major determinant of cardiac output.
What is the effect of sympathetic innervation of veins on venous return?
It increases venous return.
Which of the following is responsible for the net movement of nutrients, oxygen, and metabolic end products?
Diffusion
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system in fluid homeostasis?
To contribute to the net transcapillary movement of water
Which of the following is NOT a physiological property of the heart?
Vasculature
What is the mediator responsible for the opposite effect of decreased alveolar O2 on local alveolar blood flow in the lungs?
Unknown
Which of the following is NOT a major route across capillary membranes for fluids, solutes, and larger molecules/proteins?
Interstitial fluid
Which of the following is responsible for the initiation of the depolarization process in the heart?
Sinoatrial node
Which of the following accurately describes the spread of electrical activity in the heart?
From atria to ventricles
Which of the following accurately describes the observation of electrical activity in the heart?
ECGs measure total electrical activity
Which of the following is responsible for modifying the spontaneous electrical activity of the heart?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
Which of the following is used to non-invasively measure the spread of electrical activity in the heart?
ECG
Which phase of the cardiac action potential is characterized by rapid depolarization due to an increase in Na+ permeability?
Phase 0
Which phase of the cardiac action potential is characterized by the start of repolarization as fast Na+ channels close?
Phase 1
Which phase of the cardiac action potential is characterized by the effect of Ca2+ entry via L-type channels?
Phase 2
Which phase of the cardiac action potential is characterized by rapid repolarization as elevated internal Ca2+ stimulates opening of K+ channels and an increase in gK+?
Phase 3
Which node in the heart exhibits the fastest rate of depolarization and acts as the intrinsic pacemaker?
Sinoatrial node (SAN)
Which of the following is responsible for the regulation of blood flow in arterioles and precapillary sphincters?
Smooth muscle control
Which of the following is true about capillaries?
They have thin walls
Which of the following is responsible for the regulation of blood flow in response to changes in arterial pressure?
Flow autoregulation
Which of the following is responsible for the spontaneous oscillating contraction of blood vessels?
Vasomotion
Which of the following is responsible for the increase in blood flow to tissues during highly active metabolic activity?
Active hyperemia
Which equation represents Poiseuille's law for laminar flow?
$Q = \frac{{\Delta P \pi r^2}},{{8 \eta L}}$
What does the Reynolds number (Re) indicate about the flow of blood in a vessel?
Whether the flow is laminar or turbulent
Which of the following factors is NOT likely to increase the likelihood of turbulence in blood flow?
Low blood viscosity
What is the primary factor responsible for modifying the viscosity of blood?
Flow rate
What is the equation for Reynolds number (Re)?
$Re = \frac{{velocity \ of \ flow \times radius \ of \ vessel}},{{viscosity}}$
Test your knowledge on the control of blood pressure and its importance in maintaining tissue perfusion. This quiz covers topics such as feedback systems, baroreceptors, and the integration and control of the heart and blood vessels.
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