Master the Art of Problem-Solving

Approaches to Problem Solving

• Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles.

• Problems can be simple or complex, well-defined or ill-defined, formal or socio-emotional.

• Solutions require sufficient resources and knowledge to attain the goal.

• Specialized problem-solving techniques and methods exist in various fields such as engineering, business, medicine, mathematics, computer science, philosophy, and social organization.

• Mental techniques to identify, analyze, and solve problems are studied in psychology and cognitive sciences.

• Problem-solving has two major domains: mathematical and personal problem-solving.

• Common steps in the problem-solving cycle include recognizing the problem, defining it, developing a strategy to fix it, organizing knowledge and resources available, monitoring progress, and evaluating the effectiveness of the solution.

• Insight is the sudden aha! solution to a problem, the birth of a new idea to simplify a complex situation.

• Common barriers to problem-solving are mental constructs that impede an efficient search for solutions, including confirmation bias, mental set, functional fixedness, unnecessary constraints, and irrelevant information.

• Problem-solving strategies include trial and error, algorithm, heuristics, and insight.

• Problem-solving methods include brainstorming, lateral thinking, and root cause analysis.

• Unnecessary constraints are arbitrary boundaries imposed unconsciously on the task at hand, which foreclose a productive avenue of solution.Understanding Problem Solving: Cognitive Biases and Dreaming

• Fixation on only one type of solution can occur due to mental set.

• Mentally invented constraints can impede problem-solving, as demonstrated by the dot problem.

• Irrelevant information in a problem can make it harder to solve.

• Problem representation can affect problem-solving, as demonstrated by the Buddhist monk problem.

• People tend to overlook subtractive changes when solving problems.

• Problem-solving can occur during dreaming.

• Researchers in cognitive science have different approaches to studying problem-solving, with North American research focusing on natural knowledge domains and European research focusing on novel, complex problems.

• Complex problem-solving involves one or more obstacles at a time.

• Collective problem-solving can be performed by groups and is necessary for solving social and global issues.

• Collaborative problem-solving can promote critical thinking skills, problem-solving skills, social skills, and self-esteem.

• Crowdsourcing is a process of accumulating ideas, thoughts, or information from many independent participants to find the best solution for a given challenge.