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• Personality includes enduring traits that are relatively stable over time

Psychodynamic Theory - Freud

• Includes the the Id, Ego, and Superego pertaining to pleasure principle, reality principle, and ego ideal

ID

• Present at birth
• Operates on the Pleasure Principle: "If it feels good, do it"
• Not oriented to reality
• Unconscious
• Obtains its energy from the Libido, is sexually charged

EGO

• Present at 3-4 years old
• Resides in Conscious
• Operates on the Reality Principle

SUPEREGO

• Present at 5-6 years old
• Resides in all three levels of consciousness
• Operates on the Ego Ideal: asking "What should I do?" and "How should I behave?"
• Guilt is derived from this

Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

Oral Stage (Baby – 1 year old)

• Babies enjoy putting things in their mouths, like sucking on bottles, fingers, or pacifiers.
• If a child doesn't get enough comfort this way, they might grow up always needing something in their mouth which can include chewing gum, biting their nails, or even talking too much

Anal Stage (1 – 3 years old)

• This is when kids learn to use the potty and start to control when they go to the bathroom
• Overly strict parenting about potty training, may result in the child growing up super neat and a little too organized.

Phallic Stage (3 – 6 years old)

• Kids start to notice differences between boys and girls and become really curious about their parents
• If these feelings aren't handled in a healthy way, they might grow up feeling confused with their identity or have trouble in relationships

Latency Stage (6 – 12 years old)

• Kids focus on school, making friends, and learning new things instead of worrying about their bodies
• This stage involves growth

Genital Stage (12+ years old – Teenagers and Adults)

• Start thinking about relationships and love as kids grow into teenagers and adults
• Struggles with relationships may occur later on if they had problems in earlier stages

Outcomes of Fixation

• Someone fixated in the oral stage might chew their nails a lot
• Someone fixated in the anal stage might be too clean and bossy or too messy
• Someone fixated in the phallic stage might have trouble making friends or feel confused about their role in relationships

Defense Mechanisms Described by Freud

• Used to protect the ego when it gets overwhelmed
• Denial entails the refusal of something requested or desired
• Repression involves pushing things into the unconscious
• Regression causes, one to regress to an earlier stage of life
• Projection involves attributing personal flaws or issues to someone else
• Reaction Formation involves one, behaving the opposite of how they feel
• Rationalization; coming up with a rational response to avoid feelings
• Displacement involves taking feelings out on the wrong person
• Sublimation entails expressing unacceptable behaviors in a socially acceptable way

Humanistic Theory

• Focuses on goodness and personal group
• Key figures include Rogers and Maslow
• Achieving potential requires unconditional positive regard
• Individuals can only be deemed acceptable, if they reach a certain criteria

Trait Theory

• Asserts that every person has different personality traits that make them who they are.
• These traits don't change much and help explain why people act the way they do
• Based on biology and lexical hypothesis

The "Big 5" Factors of Trait Theory:

• Openness describes love for new adventures and trying new things
• Conscientiousness describes if you're responsible and organized
• Extraversion describes if you love being around people
• Agreeableness describes if you're kind and caring
• Neuroticism describes how easily you get upset or nervous

Internal vs External Locus of Control

• Internal Locus of Control ("I am in charge!"):

  • Actions shape success or failure
  • "If I work hard, I can succeed!"
  • "I got a good grade because I studied hard."

• External Locus of Control ("Things just happen to me!"):

  • Outside forces (like luck, fate, or other people) control what happens to you
  • "No matter what I do, things will happen the way they are meant to."
  • "The teacher made the test too hard"

Projective Tests

• Projective tests are like games involving ones interpretation of something that doesn't have a clear meaning
• The Rorschach Test is when you look at inkblots and say what they look like to you.
• The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) involves one looking at pictures of people in different situations and make up a story about what's happening

Self-Report Questionnaires

• "You fill out yourself"

Assessing Normal and Abnormal Behavior

• There are four main assessment criteria for what is normal
• Deviance: "Do people act differently from others?"
• Maladaptive: "Are they not adapting to what society is expecting of them?”
• Distress: "Does this person's mood distress them?"
• Danger: “Does this person's behavior cause danger?”

The Diathesis-Stress Model

• Individuals can be more likely to have problems with their feelings or thoughts if they already have an internal weakness or sensitivity in conjunction with stressful or hard times
• Diathesis is like a weak spot in your body that makes you more likely to get sick
• Stress is like getting sick from catching a cold and can cause feeling bad or a tough time with one’s emotions, if there is a weak spo

Bio-Psycho-Social Model

• Examines how the three aspects concerning biological, psychological and social components affect health and disease

Anxiety Disorders

• Anxiety disorders all have in common the inability to control anxiety

Generalized Anxiety Disorder entails chronic worrying involving many aspects

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

• Feeling worried all the time, even in the absence of a reasonable cause of worry
• Feeling nervous or on edge a lot
• Getting tired easily
• A difficulty focusing or thinking clearly
• Muscle aches or feeling tense
• Trouble sleeping

Panic Disorder

• Panic attacks and the fear of future attacks
• Possibly diagnosed with/without agoraphobia

Social Anxiety Disorder

• "Unrealistic fear of scrutiny from others"

Specific Phobias

• Abnormal fear reaction to specific things

Agoraphobia:

• "Fear of leaving your comfort spot"

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:

• Obsession: Recurrent intrusive distressing thought
• Compulsion: Repetitive behavior one engages in to reduce the obsession

Major Depressive Disorder

• Involves feeling sad, empty, or hopeless most of the time
• Reduction or apathy of interest in activities that were previously enjoyed
• Fatigue, even after resting.
• Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or remembering things
• Changes in sleep
• Shifts in appetite
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
• Thoughts of death or suicide

Thought Patterns of those with depression:

• Depression may cause hopelessness where the individual believes thing won’t get better
• They blame themselves and feel worthless
• An inclination to only seeing the bad in everything, with an "all or nothing" mindset
• Having trouble imagining a better future
• Depression can also result in feeling disconnected from others

Learned Helplessness Theory of Depression

• Asserts that if someone feels they can't fix their lives, they will feel helpless
• Caused by several things that appear to have no fix that might result in helplessness
• People with depression often see everything in life as hopeless

Bipolar Disorder

• Extreme mood swings with manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes
• Characterized by mood swings, behavior changes, and shifts in clarity of thoughts from thinking

Mania or Hypomanic Episodes (Highs)

• Feeling unusually happy, energetic, or irritable

• Racing thoughts or jumping quickly from one idea to the next

• Talking very fast, feeling like you can't stop

• Impulsive behavior

• Sleep deprivation, but still feeling very energetic

• Overconfidence

• Mania is more extreme than hypomania

Depressive Episodes (Lows)

• Feeling sad, hopeless, or empty most of the time
• Lack of energy or feeling tired all the time
• Trouble concentrating or remembering things
• Sleep and appetite fluctuation
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
• Thoughts of death or suicide

Treatment of Bipolar Disorder

• Treated with medication and therapy
  • Medication includes: Mood stabilizers, Antidepressants, and Antipsychotic medication
  • Psychotherapy includes: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT)
• Lifestyle Changes may include: Regular exercise, diet and sleep
• It is important to obtain family and friends support

Symptoms of a Manic Episode

• Extreme shifts in mood, feeling unusually high or irritable
  • Increased energy or restlessness
  • Feeling overly happy or irritable
  • Racing thoughts
  • Talking quickly
  • Impulsive or risky behavior
  • Decreased need for sleep
  • Feeling unusually confident or grandiose
  • Making poor decisions

Difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II

Bipolar I:

• More chaotic mania with the perception of more pressure during communications and wakefulness
• Treatment involves mood stabilizers and antidepressants

Bipolar II:

• Hypomania with more intense depression Mania is more intense in Bipolar I

Bipolar II has milder manic episodes and more intense depression and hypomania doesn't cause as intense of issues.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia:

• Hallucinations: auditory
• Delusions: False idea
• Disturbances of Speech Loose associations
• Disturbances with motor behavior

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia:

• Lack of motor behavior
• Lack of speech
• Social withdrawal

Cluster A:

• Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal
• In common: describe them as odd, Eccentric, weird
• Paranoid:
  • In touch w/ reality
  • Suspicious of other people

•   Schizoid:
    - Does not like people
  

•   Schizotypal:
    - Eccentric
    - Dress inappropriately
    - Represent themselves in different ways
  

Cluster B:

• Narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, antisocial
• In common: Describe them as, dramatic, charming, superficial, lack of empathy

•   Narcissistic: Typically male, thinks ONLY about themselves
  

•   Histrionic: Uses attractiveness to charm others , are physically inclined and are easily tired of you
  

•   Borderline:  self-abusive, uses of wrist cutting, fear of abandonment
  

•   Antisocial: scariest of people, no car for others, heartless killers
  

Dissociative Disorders:

• Means you space out
• Usually trauma based
• Dissociative Amnesia: Causes inability to determine who or what is important
• Dissociative Fugue: Wanting to leave and forget the person
• Dissociative Identity disorder: Forget who the person is and creates new identities

Autism:

• A condition that affects how an idividual thinks, learns, and interacts with others and how they communicate.
• This can lead to difficulties in sensory input, social skills, and communication
• Autism affects people in different ways

ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder):

• ADHD makes it hard for people to pay attention, remain still, or the ability to control impulses.
• They may be energetic and talk a lot, and there is difficulty to stay organized ADHD effects people through creativity and energy