Psychology Study Guide - Personality, Freud, Disorders | PDF

Study Guide for Final Exam Psychology 1A Chapters 13 and 14 Chapter 13 – Personality – know the following: ​ What is the definition of personality? ○​ Enduring traits that are relatively stable overtime ​ What are the Id, Ego, and Superego? (Pleasure principle, reality principle, ego...

Study Guide for Final Exam Psychology 1A Chapters 13 and 14 Chapter 13 – Personality – know the following: ​ What is the definition of personality? ○​ Enduring traits that are relatively stable overtime ​ What are the Id, Ego, and Superego? (Pleasure principle, reality principle, ego ideal) ○​ Psychodynamic Theory- Freud: ​ ID: ​ Present at birth ​ Operates on the Pleasure Principle ○​ “If it feels good, do it” ○​ Not oriented to reality ​ Unconscious ​ Gets its energy from the Libido ○​ Libido: Sexually charged energy ​ EGO: ​ Present at 3-4 yrs old ​ Resides in Conscious ​ Operates on the reality principle ​ SUPEREGO: ​ Present at 5-6 yrs old ​ Resides in all 3 levels of consciousness ​ Operates on the Ego Ideal: ○​ “What should I do?” ○​ “How should I behave” ○​ How you get guilt from ​ What are Freud’s stages of psychosexual development? (Pay special attention to the first 3) What happens if one is fixated at any one of the first 3 stages? ○​ Oral Stage (Baby – 1 year old) ​ Babies love putting things in their mouths—like sucking on bottles, fingers, or pacifiers. ​ If a child doesn’t get enough comfort this way, they might grow up always needing something in their mouth, like chewing gum, biting their nails, or even talking too much! ○​ Anal Stage (1 – 3 years old) ​ This is when kids learn to use the potty and start to control when they go to the bathroom. ​ If parents are too strict about it, the child might grow up to be super neat and a little too organized.  ​ If parents don’t care much about it, the child might grow up to be messy and not care about being clean. ○​ Phallic Stage (3 – 6 years old) ​ Kids start to notice differences between boys and girls and become really curious about their parents. ​ If they don’t learn how to handle these feelings in a healthy way, they might grow up feeling confused about their identity or have trouble in relationships. ○​ Latency Stage (6 – 12 years old) ​ Kids focus on school, making friends, and learning new things instead of worrying about their bodies. ​ There’s no big problem in this stage—kids just keep growing! ○​ Genital Stage (12+ years old – Teenagers and Adults) ​ As kids grow into teenagers and adults, they start thinking about relationships and love in a more grown-up way. ​ If they had problems in earlier stages, they might struggle with relationships later on. ​ What Happens if Someone Gets Stuck in a Stage? ○​ Someone stuck in the oral stage might chew their nails a lot. ○​ Someone stuck in the anal stage might be too clean and bossy or too messy. ○​ Someone stuck in the phallic stage might have trouble making friends or feel confused about their role in relationships. ​ What are the different defense mechanisms described by Freud? ○​ When the ego becomes overwhelmed, it uses defense mechanisms- protect the ego ​ Denial: the refusal of something requested or desired. ​ Repression: Push into unconscious ​ Regression- Regress to earlier stage of life ​ Projection: Attribute our issue to someone else ​ Reaction formation: Behave the opposite of how we feel ​ Rationalization: coming up with a rational response to avoid feelings ​ Displacement: take our feelings out on the wrong person ​ Sublimation: Express unacceptable impulses in an socially acceptable way ​ What is the Humanistic theory of personality? (Conditions of worth, unconditional positive regard) ○​ Humanistic Theory: ​ Focus on goodness and personal group ​ Rogers ​ Maslow ​ In order to reach potential, we need unconditional positive regard  ​ Conditions of Worth: we are only acceptable if we reach a certain criteria ​ What is the Trait theory of personality? What is the Big 5? ○​ Trait Theory: ​ Trait theory is the idea that every person has different personality traits—special qualities that make them who they are. These traits don’t change much and help explain why people act the way they do. ​ Based on biology and lexical hypothesis ○​ 5 factor model ​ O- openness ​ Do you love new adventures and trying new things? Some people are very curious and creative, while others like to stick to what they know ​ C- conscientiousness ​ Are you responsible and organized? Some people always finish their homework on time, while others forget a lot. ​ E- Extraversion ​ Do you love being around people? Some kids love talking and making new friends, while others like quiet time alone ​ A- Agreeableness ​ Are you kind and caring? Some people love to help others and share, while others like to do things their own way ​ N- Neuroticism ​ Do you get upset or nervous easily? Some people stay calm in tough situations, while others get worried or frustrated quickly ​ What is an internal versus an external locus of control? ​ Internal Locus of Control ("I am in charge!") ​ People with an internal locus of control believe their actions shape their success or failure. ​ They think, "If I work hard, I can succeed!" ​ Example: If a student studies a lot and gets an A on a test, they think, "I got a good grade because I studied hard." ​ External Locus of Control ("Things just happen to me!") ○​ People with an external locus of control believe that outside forces (like luck, fate, or other people) control what happens to them. ○​ They might think, "No matter what I do, things will happen the way they are meant to." ○​ Example: If a student fails a test, they might say, "The teacher made the test too hard" instead of thinking they could have studied more. ​ What are projective tests? What is Rorschach? What is the Thematic Apperception Test? ○​ Projective Tests  ​ Projective tests are like games where you look at something that doesn’t have a clear meaning (like a weird picture or a messy shape) and then tell what you see or think about it. The idea is that your answers can tell the person who’s testing you about how you feel or think on the inside, even if you don’t realize it. ○​ Rorschach Inkblot Test ​ The Rorschach test is when you look at inkblots (splatters of ink on paper) and say what they look like to you. One person might see a butterfly, while another sees a bat. By hearing what you say about the inkblots, a psychologist might be able to guess what kind of person you are or how you feel. ○​ Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ​ The TAT is a test where you look at pictures of people in different situations, like someone sitting alone or a group of people talking. Then, you have to make up a story about what’s happening. What are the people feeling? What might happen next? This helps the psychologist learn about what’s going on in your mind and how you see the world. ​ What are self-report questionnaires? ○​ You fill out yourself Chapter 14 – Psychological Disorders – know the following: ​ What are the different criteria used to assess whether behavior is normal or abnormal? ○​ 4 main categories: ​ Deviance: ​ “Do they act in different ways from the rest of the people?” ​ Maladaptive: ​ “Are they not adapting to what society is expecting of them?” ​ Distress: ​ Does this person's mood cause them distress? ​ Danger: ​ “Does this person's behavior cause danger?” ​ What is the Diathesis-stress theory ○​ The Diathesis-Stress Theory says that people can be more likely to have problems with their feelings or thoughts if they already have something inside them (like a weakness or sensitivity). But it’s not just that — it also depends on things that happen in their life (like stress or hard times) ​ Think of it like this: ​ Diathesis is like a weak spot in your body that makes you more likely to get sick. ​ Stress is like getting really sick from catching a cold  ​ So, if you already have that weak spot and something stressful happens, it could cause you to feel bad or have a tough time with your emotions ​ What is the Bio-psycho-social model? ○​ Bio Psycho-Social Model: ​ examines how the three aspects – biological, psychological and social – occupy roles in relative health or disease ​ What do the anxiety disorders all have in common? ○​ Inability to control/ manage anxiety ​ What is generalized anxiety disorder? ○​ Generalized Anxiety Disorder: ​ Chronic worry about a lot of thing ○​ Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is when a person feels worried all the time, even if there's no big reason to be worried. It’s like their brain keeps thinking about things that might go wrong, and it’s hard for them to stop feeling anxious. ​ Some signs of GAD include: ​ Feeling nervous or on edge a lot. ​ Getting tired easily. ​ Having a hard time focusing or thinking clearly. ​ Muscle aches or feeling tense. ​ Trouble sleeping. ​ What is panic disorder? ○​ Panic Disorder: ​ Panic attacks AND fear of future attacks ​ Diagnosed with/without agoraphobia ○​ ​ What is social anxiety disorder? ○​ Social Anxiety Disorder: ​ Unrealistic fear of scrutiny from others ​ What is specific phobia disorder? ○​ Specific Phobias: ​ Abnormal fear reaction to specific things ​ What is agoraphobia? ○​ fear of leaving your comfort spot ​ What is obsessive-compulsive disorder? ○​ Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: ​ Obsession: Recurrent intrusive distressing thought ​ Compulsion: Repetitive behavior one engages in, in order to reduce the obsession ​ What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder? ○​ Feeling sad, empty, or hopeless most of the time. ○​ Losing interest in things you used to enjoy, like hobbies or spending time with friends. ○​ Feeling tired or lacking energy, even after resting. ○​ Trouble concentrating, making decisions, or remembering things. ○​ Changes in sleep — either sleeping too much or having trouble sleeping. ○​ Eating too much or too little, or noticing weight changes. ○​ Feeling worthless or guilty, even when it’s not your fault. ○​ Thoughts of death or suicide — feeling like you don’t want to be alive anymore ​ How do depressed people tend to think about life? ○​ Everything feels hopeless: They might believe that things will never get better, no matter what they do. ○​ They blame themselves: People with depression might blame themselves for things that go wrong, even if it’s not their fault. They might feel worthless or like they’re a failure. ○​ Seeing the bad in everything: They might focus only on the negative things in life and ignore any good stuff that happens. For example, they might think, “Everything is terrible” or “Nothing ever works out for me.” ○​ Thinking in “all or nothing” terms: Depressed people might think in extreme ways, like “I’m either perfect or a complete failure,” with no middle ground. ○​ Difficulty seeing the future: They might have trouble imagining a better future because they feel stuck in the present. ○​ Feeling disconnected from others: They might think that nobody cares about them, or they’re better off alone, which can make them withdraw from friends or family. ​ What is the Learned Helplessness theory of depression? ○​ The Learned Helplessness Theory of Depression says that people can become depressed when they feel like they can't do anything to fix their problems. It happens when bad things keep happening, and no matter what you try, you feel like nothing works. ​ Here’s how it goes: ​ Bad things happen over and over, and you feel like you have no control. For example, if you keep failing at something, you might think, "I can't do anything right." ​ You start feeling helpless, like no matter how hard you try, things won’t get better. So, you give up trying. ​ Then, you start thinking everything in life is hopeless. If one thing goes wrong, you might think, “I’ll always fail at everything,” even if that’s not true. ​ What are the symptoms and treatment of bipolar disorder? ○​ Bipolar disorder causes extreme mood swings that include both highs (called manic or hypomanic episodes) and lows(called depressive episodes). These mood swings can affect a person's energy, behavior, and ability to think clearly. ​ Manic or Hypomanic Episodes (Highs) ​ Feeling unusually happy, energetic, or irritable. ​ Racing thoughts or jumping quickly from one idea to the next. ​ Talking very fast, feeling like you can’t stop. ​ Impulsive behavior, like spending too much money or taking risky actions. ​ Lack of sleep but still feeling very energetic. ​ Feeling overly confident or powerful, sometimes to the point of being reckless. ​ Mania is more intense, while hypomania is a less extreme version of the same symptoms. ○​ Depressive Episodes (Lows) ​ Feeling sad, hopeless, or empty most of the time. ​ Lack of energy or feeling tired all the time. ​ Trouble concentrating or remembering things. ​ Changes in sleep, either sleeping too much or not enough. ​ Changes in appetite, either eating too much or too little. ​ Feeling worthless or guilty. ​ Thoughts of death or suicide. ​ Treatment of Bipolar Disorder ○​ Bipolar disorder is usually treated with a combination of medications and therapy to help control the mood swings. ​ Medications ​ Mood stabilizers (like lithium) help prevent the highs and lows. ​ Antidepressants might be used during depressive episodes. ​ Antipsychotic medications might be used for severe symptoms, especially during manic episodes. ​ Psychotherapy ○​ Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can help a person manage their thoughts and behaviors, and learn skills to deal with mood changes. ○​ Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) helps people with bipolar disorder stick to regular routines and manage relationships. ​ Lifestyle Changes ○​ Regular sleep, exercise, and a balanced diet can help with managing mood swings. ○​ Support from family and friends is important for emotional support. ​ What are the symptoms of a manic episode? ○​ A manic episode is a period of extreme mood and energy changes, where someone feels unusually high or irritable. It is a key feature of bipolar disorder. Here are the common symptoms: ​ Increased energy or restlessness: Feeling full of energy, restless, or like you can’t sit still. ​ Feeling overly happy or irritable: You might feel unusually excited, euphoric, or even angry or easily upset. ​ Racing thoughts: Your mind may be moving so fast that it’s hard to focus on one thing. Thoughts can jump from one idea to another quickly. ​ Talking quickly: Speaking a lot faster than usual, or jumping from topic to topic without giving others a chance to speak. ​ Impulsive or risky behavior: Doing things without thinking about the consequences, like spending too much money, driving recklessly, or making big life changes without considering the risks. ​ Decreased need for sleep: You may feel like you don’t need much sleep and still feel very energetic, or you may not sleep at all for days. ​ Feeling unusually confident or grandiose: You might feel like you can do anything, even if it’s unrealistic, or believe you have special abilities or powers. ​ Poor judgment: Making decisions that you wouldn’t normally make, like engaging in risky activities or actions that could hurt yourself or others. ​ How is bipolar I different from bipolar II? ○​ Bipolar 1: ​ Where people have severe mood swings ​ Mania: ​ More chaotic ​ Pressure to talk ​ Awake most of the time ​ Won't see someone during manic episode, would see AFTER manic episode ​ Treatment: ​ Mood stabilizer + antidepressant ○​ Bipolar II ​ Has less severe manic episodes called hypomania (similar to mania but less extreme). ​ Depressive episodes are more frequent and last longer than in Bipolar I. ​ Hypomania doesn’t cause major problems like full mania does. ​ Key Difference: ○​ Bipolar I has severe manic episodes.  ​ Bipolar II has milder manic episodes (hypomania) but more intense depression. ​ What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? ○​ Positive symptoms: ​ More of: ​ Hallucinations 1.​ auditory ​ Delusions 1.​ False idea ​ Disturbances of Speech: 1.​ Loose associations ​ Disturbances with motor behavior ​ Seen with paranoid ○​ ​ What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia? ​ Negative Symptoms: ○​ Lack of motor behavior ○​ Lack of speech ○​ Social withdrawal ○​ Seen with catatonic ​ ​ What are signs and symptoms of clusters A and B of personality disorders? ○​ Personality Disorders: ​ All different from other disorders ​ Long standing problems in relating to others ​ Cluster A: ○​ Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal ​ In common: describe them as odd, Eccentric, weird ​ Paranoid: ​ In touch w/ reality ​ Suspicious of other people ​ Schizoid: ​ Does not like people ​ Schizotypal: ​ Eccentric ​ Dress inappropriately ​ Present themselves in different ways ​ Cluster B: ○​ Narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, antisocial ○​ In common: Describe them as, dramatic, charming, superficial, lack of empathy  ○​ Narcissistic: ​ Typically male ​ Thinks of themselves and ONLY themselves ○​ Histrionic: ​ Typically attractive women ​ Uses attractiveness to entice other people ​ Dont date ​ Physically use you and get bored of you ○​ Borderline: ​ Typically women ​ People who are self-abusive ​ Chronic wrist cutters ​ Says “helps see the emotional pain they’re in” ​ Huge fear of abandonment ○​ Antisocial: ​ Most scary ​ Used to be called psychopaths ​ Predators ​ Does not care about others ​ Takes advantage of people ​ hurt/killing people ○​ ​ What are signs and symptoms of the different dissociative disorders? ○​ Dissociative Disorder: ​ In common:Means you space out ​ Usually trauma based ​ Dissociative Amnesia: ○​ Forget who the person is other significant information ○​ psychological ​ Dissociative Fugue: ○​ Fugue: To “fly away” ○​ Forget who the person is and leave the area ​ Dissociative Identity disorder: ○​ Formally known as multiple personality disorder ○​ Forget who the person is and develops a new identity ​ Host Personality: ​ Whoever the person actually is ​ Does not know alternate personality ​ Alternate Personality: ​ Different personalities of what they show during  amnesia ○​ Controversial: ​ Not in ancient writing ​ What is autism and ADHD? Autism: ​ Autism is a condition that affects how a person thinks, learns, and interacts with others. ​ People with autism might find it hard to understand how others feel or communicate. They might not make eye contact, have difficulty with conversations, or have very specific interests that they focus on a lot. ​ Some people with autism might have trouble with sensory things like bright lights or loud noises, and they might prefer routines and predictability. ​ Autism affects people in different ways, so it can look different from person to person. ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder): ​ ADHD is a condition that makes it hard for people to pay attention, sit still, or control impulses. ​ People with ADHD might find it difficult to stay focused on one thing for a long time, get easily distracted, or forget things. ​ They may also be very energetic, talk a lot, or act without thinking first. ​ ADHD can make it harder to stay organized, follow directions, or finish tasks, but people with ADHD can also be creative and energetic. ○​