Marker Systems in Aviation
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Questions and Answers

What is the minimum Runway Visual Range (RVR) required for a Category II approach?

  • 1500 ft
  • 1000 ft
  • 800 ft
  • 1200 ft (correct)

    • Which type of airport lighting provides a visible extension of the runway for pilots?

  • Runway Edge Lights
  • Sequenced Flashing Lights
  • Touchdown Zone Lights
  • Approach Lights (correct)

    • What function do Sequenced Flashing Lights serve at an airport?

  • Mark taxiway intersections
  • Indicate wind direction
  • Cause apparent movement of light toward the runway (correct)
  • Provide runway distance

    • In a Category II approach, what is essential for the aircraft?

    <p>Certification of the Category II equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lights indicate the available width of the runway for landing?

    <p>Runway Edge Lights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How far is the touchdown zone lighting generally spread along the runway?

    <p>3000 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Runway Centreline Lights?

    <p>To extend along the full length of the runway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be true for a TV transmitter operating near an airport?

    <p>Its equipment must be certified for airport use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the angle of approach calculated for an aircraft?

    <p>Using height and marker distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lighting classification does not cause movement toward the runway?

    <p>Touchdown Zone LTS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Marker Beacon system in aviation?

    <p>To signal the pilot's position relative to geographical points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tone and color correspond to the Middle Marker (MM) in the Marker Beacon System?

    <p>1300 Hz, Amber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Category II approach, which marker signals the pilot to commence final descent?

    <p>Middle Marker (MM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a Fan marker signal its presence to an aircraft?

    <p>Using a high-pitched coded signal and a light flash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Glideslope Indicator signify to pilots during an approach?

    <p>The aircraft's vertical descent path in relation to the runway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of Markers are commonly used during the final approach to the runway?

    <p>Outer Marker (OM), Middle Marker (MM), and Inner Marker (IM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the approach, when does the pilot typically receive instructions to enter a holding pattern?

    <p>When passing the Outer Marker (OM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signals indicates that an aircraft is at a distance of 250 feet from the runway in the Marker Beacon system?

    <p>White light with a tone of 3000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of airway markers in terms of their signal?

    <p>They transmit high-pitched identification signals in dot/dash format</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indicated color and sound of the Outer Marker (OM) in the Marker Beacon system?

    <p>Blue light with a tone of 400 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What audio tone is required to activate the blue outer marker light in the Airborne Marker Beacon System?

    <p>400 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the functionality of the Marker Beacon Receiver?

    <p>It lights up specific indicators based on the received audio tones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Marker Interface, what does the Flight Warning Computer (FWC) do?

    <p>It monitors the Marker system for failures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Marker Beacon System powered?

    <p>When the airplane electrical buses are energized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which frequency should a pilot select to enable the Instrumentation Landing System (ILS) mode?

    <p>75 MHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which audio tone corresponds to the amber middle marker light?

    <p>1300 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the audio output from the Marker Beacon System?

    <p>To light an indicator light on the aircraft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the Marker Beacon System responds to a tone of 3000 Hz?

    <p>White marker/airways marker light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the RF amplifier play in the Marker Beacon System?

    <p>It increases the strength of the received radio frequency signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the aircraft's operational environment does the Marker Beacon System primarily assist with?

    <p>Approach and landing procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distance indicator for the Middle Marker (MM) in the Marker Beacon System?

    <p>3500 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color light is emitted by the Inner Marker (IM) during its operation?

    <p>White</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of signal does the Outer Marker (OM) transmit to indicate its position to pilots?

    <p>400 Hz tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what frequency does the Marker Beacon System operate?

    <p>75 MHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum vertical distance of the Outer Marker above the runway?

    <p>3500 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which marker provides a high-pitched identification signal of 3000 Hz?

    <p>Airway Marker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical light color indicated for the Outer Marker (OM)?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Glideslope Indicator signify for an aircraft during its approach?

    <p>Position relative to the glide path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the sequence in which an aircraft crosses the markers during descent?

    <p>OM, MM, IM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At Singapore airport, if the outer marker is placed at 4 nm from the runway, how many nautical miles is the Middle Marker (MM) positioned from the runway threshold?

    <p>2 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What audio frequency activates the white marker light in the Airborne Marker Beacon System?

    <p>3000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component detects the marker signals in the marker beacon system?

    <p>Marker beacon antenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the outer and middle markers in relation to the instrument landing system?

    <p>They are associated with the instrument landing system's approach phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of the marker beacon receiver is responsible for lighting the indicator light?

    <p>Audio AC signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Flight Warning Computer contribute to the operation of the marker beacon system?

    <p>Monitors system conditions and warns of failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the audio filters in the marker beacon receiver?

    <p>To select specific audio tones for display</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which operational phase does the pilot activate the Instrumentation Landing System (ILS) mode?

    <p>Approaching near the airport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the formula for power density in the context of a transmitter describe?

    <p>The relationship between distance and power radiated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What frequency will activate the amber middle marker light in the marker beacon system?

    <p>1300 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the need for the pilot to observe the light indications on the instrumentation panel?

    <p>Upon selecting ILS mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Approach Lights at an airport?

    <p>They help pilots gauge their position and altitude before landing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Category II approach, what kind of equipment is essential for an airplane to operate?

    <p>Category II equipment that is certified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lighting shows the touch down area for the aircraft?

    <p>Touchdown Zone Lights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Sequenced Flashing Lights in airport lighting?

    <p>To create the illusion of movement toward the runway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a 10 kW television transmitter is located 10 nm from the airport marker, what is being calculated?

    <p>The power density at the airport marker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lighting ensures pilots can judge the runway's available width during landing?

    <p>Runway Edge Lights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Runner Centreline Lights function in relation to the runway?

    <p>They extend to the full length of the runway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Approach Lights from other types of airport lighting?

    <p>Their design to visually extend the runway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the touchdown zone lighting spread indicate?

    <p>The first 3000 ft of the runway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do Runway Edge Lights primarily serve?

    <p>They assist in night landings by marking the runway width.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Marker Systems

    • Marker beacons are used to indicate to the pilot that the airplane is passing over a specific geographical position, such as points along an air route or instrument landing paths.

    Learning Outcomes

    • The learning outcomes for this topic include: ground signals of the marker beacon system, airport lighting indicators, the airborne marker beacon system, and the marker system interface.

    Marker Beacon System

    • Marker beacons used for final approaches to runways are categorized into:
      • Outer Marker (OM)
      • Middle Marker (MM)
      • Inner Marker (IM)

    Markers at Changi Airport

    • The image shows marker positions at Changi Airport.

    Ground Signals of Marker Beacon System

    • A table is included providing the distance from the runway threshold, code, light color, and tone for each marker type (OM, MM, and IM).
      • OM: 4 nm, Blue, 400 Hz.
      • MM: 3500 ft, Amber, 1300 Hz.
      • IM: 250 ft, White, 3000 Hz.

    Marker Operation

    • Pilots are requested to enter holding patterns using outer marker beacons.
    • When following an approach course with a localizer and glideslope, the aircraft crosses the markers in sequence as it descends.
    • The aircraft is flown to a landing within visual range of the runway and on a direct course.

    Marker Beacon Operation

    • Diagrams show visual representations of the landing approach and marker positions relative to the aircraft's flight path.
    • The OM beacon is blue, MM amber, and IM white.

    Airborne Marker Beacon System

    • Aircraft marker beacon receiver systems consist of:

      • A 75 MHz filter.
      • RF amplifier and detector.
      • Three audio filters to distinguish tones.

    • The audio signal is used to illuminate marker lights on the indicator panel.

      • 400 Hz = blue outer marker light
      • 1300 Hz = amber middle marker light
      • 3000 Hz = white marker/airway marker light.

    • The marker beacon system activates when the airplane electrical buses are energized, and the appropriate MKR BCN circuit breaker is closed.

    • Outer and middle markers are often associated with instrument landing systems.

    Airport Lighting Indicators

    • Runway Visual Range (RVR) must be at least 1200 ft for a Category II approach.
    • Category II approaches require certified Category II equipment.
    • Airport equipment lighting (LTS) is classified by function:
      • Sequenced Flashing Lights
      • Approach Lights
      • Runway Edge Lights
      • Touchdown Zone Lights
      • Runway Centreline Lights
    • Sequenced flashing lights create an apparent movement toward the runway during an approach.
    • Approach lights extend the runway visually and allow the pilot to judge altitude and position before touchdown.
    • Runway edge lights show the runway's landing width.
    • Touchdown zone lights indicate the touchdown area of the runway, typically extending approximately 3000 ft.
    • Runway centerline lights run the entire length of the runway.

    Example 2-1

    • Singapore airport's outer marker is 4 nm from the runway.
    • If an aircraft is at a height of 0.2 nm on the marker, its angle of approach is 2.8°.

    Example 2-2

    • A 10 kW television transmitter, located 10 nm from an airport marker, has a power density of approximately 8 W/nm².

    Marker System Interface

    • When near the airport, the pilot sets the ILS mode on the control unit.
    • Marker beacon antennas receive beacon signals, and the receiver identifies them via lights on the instrumentation panel.
    • The flight warning computer monitors the marker system and alerts the pilot of failures.

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    Marker Systems PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the marker beacon systems used in aviation, including their functions, classifications, and the ground signals associated with them. Students will learn about outer, middle, and inner markers, as well as specific details from Changi Airport. Prepare to test your knowledge on essential aviation navigation technology.

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