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Questions and Answers
What is characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, and formal rules?
What is characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, and formal rules?
Which approach emphasizes individual attitudes and group processes at the workplace?
Which approach emphasizes individual attitudes and group processes at the workplace?
Who is considered the pioneer of industrial psychology?
Who is considered the pioneer of industrial psychology?
What aspect did Mary Parker Follett focus on in organizations?
What aspect did Mary Parker Follett focus on in organizations?
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What did Chester Barnard believe was critical for organizational success?
What did Chester Barnard believe was critical for organizational success?
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Which concept emphasizes the role of emotions and motivation in improving organizational efficiency?
Which concept emphasizes the role of emotions and motivation in improving organizational efficiency?
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What is a key characteristic of a centralized organization?
What is a key characteristic of a centralized organization?
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What did Mary Parker Follett emphasize about workers in an organization?
What did Mary Parker Follett emphasize about workers in an organization?
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What is the primary goal of scientific management according to Taylor?
What is the primary goal of scientific management according to Taylor?
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Which principle emphasizes the need for cooperation between management and workers?
Which principle emphasizes the need for cooperation between management and workers?
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What method did Gilbreth use to improve productivity?
What method did Gilbreth use to improve productivity?
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Which tool did Henry Gantt create to assist in project management?
Which tool did Henry Gantt create to assist in project management?
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What are the five functions of management identified by Henri Fayol?
What are the five functions of management identified by Henri Fayol?
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What does Taylor's concept of 'scientifically select and train' refer to?
What does Taylor's concept of 'scientifically select and train' refer to?
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What was the main burden of work in Taylor's principles?
What was the main burden of work in Taylor's principles?
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How did Gilbreth's invention of the microchronometer contribute to productivity?
How did Gilbreth's invention of the microchronometer contribute to productivity?
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What was one of the unexpected findings from the Hawthorne studies?
What was one of the unexpected findings from the Hawthorne studies?
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What influenced productivity in the second experiment conducted by Mayo?
What influenced productivity in the second experiment conducted by Mayo?
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What does Theory X assume about workers?
What does Theory X assume about workers?
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According to McGregor’s Theory Y, what is the role of a manager?
According to McGregor’s Theory Y, what is the role of a manager?
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What aspect was primarily examined in the Hawthorne studies?
What aspect was primarily examined in the Hawthorne studies?
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Elton Mayo is recognized for his contributions to understanding:
Elton Mayo is recognized for his contributions to understanding:
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Which of the following best describes a good manager according to the conclusions of the Hawthorne studies?
Which of the following best describes a good manager according to the conclusions of the Hawthorne studies?
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What is a characteristic of workers as per Theory Y?
What is a characteristic of workers as per Theory Y?
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What is the primary focus of the quantitative approach in decision making?
What is the primary focus of the quantitative approach in decision making?
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Which of the following best describes an open system in the context of organizations?
Which of the following best describes an open system in the context of organizations?
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What does the systems approach imply about decision-making in organizations?
What does the systems approach imply about decision-making in organizations?
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What is a key characteristic of the contingency approach to management?
What is a key characteristic of the contingency approach to management?
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Which of the following is NOT a popular contingency variable?
Which of the following is NOT a popular contingency variable?
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What does the term ‘contingency’ refer to in management?
What does the term ‘contingency’ refer to in management?
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In the context of systems, what is a major benefit of viewing an organization as an open system?
In the context of systems, what is a major benefit of viewing an organization as an open system?
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What aspect does the systems approach emphasize regarding organizational components?
What aspect does the systems approach emphasize regarding organizational components?
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Study Notes
Quantitative Approach
- Focuses on increasing productivity through scientific methods
- Taylor (1866-1915): Wealthy Massachusetts family, engineer, lost sight studying law
- Workers perform tasks in various ways; scientific job design to determine best worker method
- Taylor's Scientific Management Principles:
- Develop science for each work element, replacing rule-of-thumb methods.
- Scientifically select, train, and develop each worker.
- Ensure all work aligns with developed scientific principles.
- Distribute work and responsibility fairly between management and workers.
Gilbreth's Motion Time Reduction
- Gilbreth (1868-1924), (1878-1972): Eliminated hand and body movements to increase productivity and reduce fatigue
- Developed microchronometer to record worker motions and time spent
- Example: improved efficiency in surgical procedures by reducing motion time
Gantt (Henry Gantt)
- Gantt Chart: Scheduling chart showing planned and actual output over time
- Time on horizontal axis
- Scheduled tasks on vertical axis
- Henri Fayol (1841-1925): Five functions of managers: Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, and Controlling
- Developed fourteen principles of management: Division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests to the general interest, remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure of personnel, initiative, and esprit de corps.
Max Weber
- Max Weber (1864-1920): Bureaucracy as ideal organizational form
- Division of labor
- Clearly defined hierarchy
- Formal rules and regulations
- Impersonal relationships
- Career orientation
Behavioral Approach
- Emphasis on individual attitudes and behaviors/group processes in the workplace
- Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916): Pioneer of industrial psychology; studied how to improve efficiency in organizations by considering emotional/motivational factors of workers
- Hard life, lost class at Harvard
- Studied how to improve worker efficiency, by considering emotional/motivational factors
Mary Parker Follett (1868-1933)
- Focused on the human side of organizations
- Emphasized worker participation and shared goals in organizations
- Managers should allow workers to participate in the work process
Chester Barnard (1886-1961)
- Viewed organizations as systems of cooperation
- Raised awareness of the informal organization
- Developed the acceptance theory of authority (managers must earn worker acceptance of their authority for success)
Elton Mayo (1880-1949)
- Hawthorne Studies: Effects of various factors (lighting, working hours, wages) on worker productivity
- Unexpected finding: Productivity increased in both groups even with no changes
Douglas McGregor (1906-1984)
- Developed Theory X (negative assumptions about workers–lazy, dislike work, etc.) and Theory Y (positive assumptions about workers – like work and contribute to organizational success)
- Managers should supervise workers closely under Theory X
- Theory Y implies that managers should treat employees properly, fostering their acceptance of authority
Quantitative Approach (2.3)
- Evolved from mathematical and statistical solutions developed for military problems during World War II
- Use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making (resource allocation, optimum inventory levels)
Contemporary Approach (2.4)
- Systems approach: Views organizations as open systems interacting with their environment
- Set of interconnected and interdependent parts that form a unified whole
- Organizations are comprised of individuals, groups, structures, and souls that need to be coordinated
Contingency Approach
- Organizational practices differ because situations and contingencies differ
- No universal management principles can create success in all circumstances
- Effective management depends on contingency variables (organization size, environmental uncertainty, and individual differences, amongst others)
- Contingency: future event or circumstance possible but unpredictable.
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Description
Explore the principles of quantitative management and techniques that enhance productivity through scientific methods. Learn about key figures like Taylor, Gilbreth, and Gantt, and understand their contributions to work efficiency and management practices.
