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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of discourse theory in relation to communication?

The impact of language on shaping ideas and meanings (correct)

Non-verbal cues and body language

Verbal communication without intent

Technical skills in communication

According to Taylor's scientific management, how are employees perceived?

As integral team members with unique skills

As replaceable hands valued for their intellect

As essential partners in decision-making

As mere tools for productivity (correct)

Which level of communication occurs between an employee and manager?

Small-group communication

Impersonal communication

Interpersonal communication

Dyadic communication (correct)

What effect does discourse analysis suggest regarding language and social inequalities?

Disparities are interconnected with language use Signup and view all the answers

In what context does small-group communication typically occur?

Meetings and brainstorming sessions Signup and view all the answers

What role does conversation play in discourse theory?

It helps to create understanding through dialogue Signup and view all the answers

What does Elton Mayo emphasize regarding employee motivation?

Employees can be advised to adopt favorable attitudes Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes interpersonal communication from other forms of communication?

It requires direct personal contact Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to groupthink and a lack of diverse ideas within a group?

Shared assumptions Signup and view all the answers

How does boundary-spanning activity benefit organizations?

It offers unique learning opportunities Signup and view all the answers

What term describes someone who connects different organizations by holding director roles in more than one?

Interlocking director Signup and view all the answers

In what way can artefacts facilitate learning between groups?

By serving as tools to bridge different cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of organizational learning according to Weick and Westley?

It is an oxymoron involving both control and disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which method can help manage the complexities of learning and organizing?

Utilization of humor Signup and view all the answers

Improvisation in an organizational context primarily addresses tension between which two concepts?

Learning and organizing Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of having shared assumptions within a group?

Blindness to diverse perspectives Signup and view all the answers

What does 'in situ' signify in a learning context?

Learning that occurs naturally in the workplace Signup and view all the answers

How do non-learning organizations demonstrate tolerance of contradictions?

They maintain operational normalcy despite contradictions Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'organizational discretion' in non-learning organizations?

Satisfaction with existing reports without seeking improvement Signup and view all the answers

During examinations, how does visibility affect individuals?

It differentiates individuals based on their perceived intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What role does individuality play in examinations?

It transforms personal characteristics into comparable metrics Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of learning organizations compared to non-learning ones?

They readily adapt to new challenges and uncertainties Signup and view all the answers

What does hierarchical surveillance involve?

Supervision of lower-level employees by higher-ups Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of transforming individual characters into cases during exams?

To objectify and document individual performances Signup and view all the answers

What defines emotional intelligence?

The ability to recognize, understand, manage, and use emotions effectively. Signup and view all the answers

How do moods differ from emotions?

Moods are less intense but last longer than emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by life chances?

Opportunities based on social class and resources. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of affective forecasting?

Predicting how one will feel about future events. Signup and view all the answers

What does impact bias refer to?

Overestimating the duration and intensity of future emotions. Signup and view all the answers

Which quality relates to focusing excessively on one aspect of an event?

Focalism. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes outer qualities from inner qualities?

Outer qualities are visible traits while inner qualities relate to internal values and character. Signup and view all the answers

How is happiness typically characterized?

By a state of well-being and contentment. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of everyday individual resistance?

The #MeToo movement Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes total institutions in terms of surveillance?

Members are always visible to each other. Signup and view all the answers

What type of surveillance focuses on identifying behaviors that deviate from expected standards?

Vertical surveillance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes horizontal surveillance?

Engages members in mutual performance monitoring. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of electronic monitoring in workplaces?

To clarify performance standards. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'immediate presence' refer to in total institutions?

Living in proximity to others without privacy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a device associated with the information panopticon?

Security cameras Signup and view all the answers

What does the use of sarcasm and humor indicate in contexts of resistance?

Personal and unorganized resistance. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes programmed decisions?

They can be easily made based on existing rules. Signup and view all the answers

Why are non-programmed decisions typically made by higher-level managers?

They involve complex and unique problems requiring specialized attention. Signup and view all the answers

What does the muddling through decision-making process entail?

Tackling problems as they arise and making adjustments along the way. Signup and view all the answers

An example of a non-programmed decision would be:

A manager deciding how to react to a new competitor. Signup and view all the answers

How does a manager typically navigate the muddling through decision-making process?

By making adjustments and negotiating solutions as issues surface. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of non-programmed decisions?

They often require a learning process to determine solutions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of the muddling through decision-making approach?

It may cause confusion due to lack of clarity. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a programmed decision?

Approving leave requests based on set criteria. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1

Paradigm: A set of assumptions and values shaping how we view and interact with the world.
Management: The process of communication, coordination, and action to achieve organizational objectives.
Sensemaking: The process where individuals/groups give meaning to something, based on tradition or rational sensemaking, often utilizing storytelling.
Weick (2008): Sensemaking is ongoing, retrospective, plausible, involves using past knowledge to create images to understand, and rationalize confusing things. It involves people interpreting situations, and these interpretations may differ based on individual perspectives.
Sensebreaking: Challenging/disrupting existing beliefs, assumptions, and routines to highlight problems/needed change.
Sensegiving: Providing a new meaning/framework to help others understand change.

Chapter 2

Psychology: Study of the human mind and behavior. Themes include nature-nurture debate and the tabula rasa concept, where personality is a product of socialization.
Organizational Behavior (OB): Study of how people interact within groups in the workplace. Topics include employee behavior, motivation, teamwork, leadership, and company culture.
Competition: Associated with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Adam Smith's economic theories.
New Public Management (NPM): Borrowing ideas from private businesses to manage public sector organizations in a more efficient and results-oriented manner.

Chapter 3

Tacit Knowledge: Personal, experience-based knowledge, difficult to articulate (e.g., riding a bike).
Explicit Knowledge: Easily communicated, documented knowledge (e.g., written instructions).
Gig Economy: Short-term freelance work.
Holacracy: A management system distributing authority through self-organizing teams.
Digital Nomads: Remote workers who use technology to work from various locations.
Diversity: A valuable asset in organizations, bringing varied perspectives, knowledge, and experiences.
CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility): Companies' attempt to incorporate ethical concerns and social value into business practices.
Hard/Soft Power: Hard power is based on coercion and economic force. Soft power involves attraction and persuasion.

Chapter 7

Organizational Politics: Networks between people within/around an organization that involve power relations. This involves shaping an agenda, securing issues, and controlling issues (which often involve competing viewpoints).
Power: The ability to influence or control others, decisions, or outcomes. Power manifests in a range of actions such as behaviors, official rules/policies, attitudes, and expectations.
Authority: The chance that specific commands will be obeyed by a specific group of people. The concept relates power with legitimacy i.e., whether acting with power will be accepted as valid by the group.
Bureaucracy: An organized system with clear rules, roles, and structures to manage tasks efficiently.
Legitimacy: A belief that something is just, valid, and acceptable. This concept is contrasted with illegitimate power.

Chapter 8

Communication: Exchange of ideas, emotions, messages, and information.
Rhetoric: Active way of enacting shared values and creating culture.

Chapter 9

Knowledge: Shared ideas, meanings, and understanding of how things work.
Knowledge Management: Organizing, and using knowledge to meet current and future needs. Includes acquiring knowledge, learning from mistakes, improving processes, and leveraging existing knowledge.
Organizational Learning: Using knowledge to adapt and improve organizational processes.
Learning: Acquiring knowledge and understanding.
Tacit Knowledge: Knowledge that is difficult to explain often learned through experience.
Explicit Knowledge: Knowledge that can be easily explained and shared.
Nonala's Tacit and Explicit Dimensions: Understanding how knowledge is internalized and externalized, and transferred.
SCIA (Social Construction of Information and Action): A perspective about how information and shared knowledge are socially constructed and influence action.

Chapter 10

Humour: Jokes/funny situations give learning opportunities and flexibility.
Improvisation: The tension between learning and organization in dealing with issues and problems.
Small Wins: Learning opportunities arising from nearly successful actions.
Tolerance of Contradictions: Learning organizations can resolve contradictions, unlike non-learning organizations.
Organizational Discretion: Learning organizations are not satisfied with the same reports as static organizations (i.e., want to learn from more information).

Additional Notes

Groupthink: Several symptoms: Illusion of invulnerability, Self-censorship, Illusion of Morality, Stereotypes of Out-groups.
Agile Approaches/Single vs Double Loop Learning: These are managerial decision processes, with single-loop being more routine/fix problems using existing methods, and double-loop being more involved/questioning underlying assumptions/rules for better solutions.

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