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Questions and Answers
What type of circulatory system do mammals have?
What type of circulatory system do mammals have?
Fish have a four-chambered heart.
Fish have a four-chambered heart.
False
What is the function of the coronary artery?
What is the function of the coronary artery?
To supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscles.
The heart consists of 4 chambers, including 2 ______ and 2 ______.
The heart consists of 4 chambers, including 2 ______ and 2 ______.
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Match the following parts of the heart with their descriptions:
Match the following parts of the heart with their descriptions:
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What is the primary purpose of increasing heart rate during exercise?
What is the primary purpose of increasing heart rate during exercise?
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Coronary arteries supply blood to the brain.
Coronary arteries supply blood to the brain.
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What condition is created by partially blocking the coronary arteries?
What condition is created by partially blocking the coronary arteries?
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During anaerobic respiration, muscle cells build up __________ that needs to be broken down after exercise.
During anaerobic respiration, muscle cells build up __________ that needs to be broken down after exercise.
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Match the following conditions to their effects:
Match the following conditions to their effects:
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What is one of the benefits of regular exercise in relation to coronary heart disease?
What is one of the benefits of regular exercise in relation to coronary heart disease?
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Cholesterol is the main substance that forms plaques leading to the blockage of coronary arteries.
Cholesterol is the main substance that forms plaques leading to the blockage of coronary arteries.
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What medication can be taken daily to reduce the risk of blood clots forming in arteries?
What medication can be taken daily to reduce the risk of blood clots forming in arteries?
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Which chamber of the heart has the thickest muscular wall?
Which chamber of the heart has the thickest muscular wall?
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The semilunar valves are located between the atria and the ventricles.
The semilunar valves are located between the atria and the ventricles.
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What is the primary function of the valves in the heart?
What is the primary function of the valves in the heart?
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The ______ separates the two sides of the heart and prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
The ______ separates the two sides of the heart and prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
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Match the following heart valves to their locations:
Match the following heart valves to their locations:
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What type of blood returns to the left atrium?
What type of blood returns to the left atrium?
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The right ventricle pumps blood at higher pressure than the left ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps blood at higher pressure than the left ventricle.
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Which two arteries contain valves in the human body?
Which two arteries contain valves in the human body?
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During exercise, the heart rate __________ and may take several minutes to return to normal.
During exercise, the heart rate __________ and may take several minutes to return to normal.
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What is the correct order of blood flow from the body to the heart and then to the lungs?
What is the correct order of blood flow from the body to the heart and then to the lungs?
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What is the primary purpose of angioplasty?
What is the primary purpose of angioplasty?
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Arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart.
Arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart.
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What is the main function of a stent in angioplasty?
What is the main function of a stent in angioplasty?
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The number of bypass grafts in coronary bypass surgery determines whether it is called a __________ heart bypass.
The number of bypass grafts in coronary bypass surgery determines whether it is called a __________ heart bypass.
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Match the following components of blood with their functions:
Match the following components of blood with their functions:
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What type of blood is primarily carried by veins?
What type of blood is primarily carried by veins?
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Capillaries have thick walls to withstand high blood pressure.
Capillaries have thick walls to withstand high blood pressure.
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What type of cells engulf and digest pathogens?
What type of cells engulf and digest pathogens?
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During exercise, blood flow is redirected to the __________.
During exercise, blood flow is redirected to the __________.
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Match the type of blood vessel with its characteristic:
Match the type of blood vessel with its characteristic:
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Which component of blood is crucial for oxygen transport?
Which component of blood is crucial for oxygen transport?
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All blood vessels carry blood at high pressure.
All blood vessels carry blood at high pressure.
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What is the name for the fluid that leaks out of capillaries?
What is the name for the fluid that leaks out of capillaries?
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The __________ system is important in defending the body against infection.
The __________ system is important in defending the body against infection.
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Match the type of blood component with its role:
Match the type of blood component with its role:
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Study Notes
Circulation in Different Animals
- Fish have a two-chambered heart and a single circulatory system
- In a single circulatory system, blood passes through the heart only once per circuit of the body
- The single circulatory system is present in fish
Mammalian Heart and Double Circulation
- Mammals have a four-chambered heart
- In a double circulatory system, blood passes through the heart twice per circuit of the body
- The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)
- The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body (systemic circulation)
Advantages of Double Circulation
- Blood pressure drops as the blood travels through the small capillaries in the lungs.
- Returning blood to the heart raises its pressure again.
- This allows delivery of oxygen and glucose to cells faster and more frequently
Structure of the Mammalian Heart
- Heart is hollow and pear-shaped, about the size of a clenched fist
- It's surrounded by a tough membrane called the pericardium
- The coronary artery supplies the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
- Located in the mediastinum between the lungs in the thorax
External Structure of the Mammalian Heart
- Consists of four chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricles)
- Left and right sides separated by a septum
- The left ventricle has thicker walls than the right because it pumps blood throughout the body at higher pressure
Internal Structure of the Mammalian Heart
- Atria are receiving chambers; ventricles are pumping chambers
- Ventricles have thicker walls for stronger pumping
- Valves ensure one-way blood flow (atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves)
Mammalian Heart (Internal View)
- The heart has four chambers
- Includes veins, arteries and valves
- Shows direction of blood flow
Heart Structure
- Ventricles have thicker walls than atria as they pump blood out of the heart
- The left ventricle is thicker than the right because it pumps blood to the whole body
- The septum prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to ensure efficient gas exchange
Function of Valves
- Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) prevent backflow from ventricles to atria
- Semilunar valves prevent backflow from arteries to ventricles
Exercise & Heart Rate
- Heart rate can be monitored using an ECG, measured pulse rate, or listening to valve sounds
- Record resting heart rate and post-exercise heart rate every minute until resting rate is reached
- Heart rate increases during exercise and returns to normal after
Coronary Heart Disease
- Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients
- Blockage of coronary arteries due to fatty deposits ("plaque") restricts blood flow
- Partial blockage causes angina (chest pain), complete blockage leads to a heart attack
Buildup of Plaque in Coronary Arteries
- Plaque buildup in coronary arteries diminishes elasticity
- This leads to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, restricting oxygen supply to the heart muscle.
Factors and Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
- Poor diet (high saturated fat), stress, smoking and genetic predisposition
- Prevention includes reducing animal fats, eating fruits and vegetables, exercising regularly, reducing stress, and taking medication (like aspirin)
Coronary Bypass Surgery
- A blood vessel is taken from elsewhere in the body and grafted onto the blocked coronary artery to bypass the blockage
- This provides an alternative pathway for blood flow to the heart muscle
Blood Vessels
- Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery)
- Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (except pulmonary vein)
- Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels where nutrients & gases are exchanged
Structure of Blood Vessels
- Arteries: Thick muscular walls and narrow lumen, resisting high pressure
- Veins: Thin walls, large lumen, containing valves
- Capillaries: Thin walls (one cell thick) for efficient diffusion
Shunt Vessels
- Redirection of blood flow controlled by shunt vessels.
- Used to control the distribution of blood to specific body areas
Circulation Around the Body
- Blood flows away from heart in arteries, passes through arterioles & capillaries for exchange
- Then moves to venules and veins returning to the heart
- Blood is carried to and from organs in this fashion using the vascular system.
Lymphatic System
- Lymph fluid is formed from leakage from capillaries into tissues.
- It collects excess fluid, reintroducing it into the circulatory system, preventing fluid build-up
- Lymph vessels carry excess fluid back to the heart, filtering out unwanted materials in lymph nodes
Components of Blood
- Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma
Types of White Blood Cells
- Phagocytes: Engulf and destroy pathogens
- Lymphocytes: Produce antibodies to neutralize toxins
Blood Clotting
- Platelets release chemicals to form an insoluble mesh (fibrin)
- This mesh traps red blood cells, forming a clot that stops further blood loss from a wound.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the mammalian circulatory system! This quiz covers the heart's structure, including its chambers and the role of key arteries. Match heart parts with their functions and learn fun facts about mammalian hearts.
