Unit 9 - Circulatory Systems, Heart & Blood Vessels

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

To facilitate communication between organs

To digest food and absorb nutrients

To regulate body temperature

To transport blood around the body (correct)

How many chambers does a fish heart have?

One chamber

Four chambers

Two chambers (correct)

Three chambers

What is the advantage of double circulation in mammals?

It prevents blood from mixing between chambers

It maintains higher blood pressure for efficient oxygen delivery (correct)

It allows blood to flow through the kidneys

It enables blood to circulate through the brain effectively

Which side of the mammalian heart contains oxygenated blood?

Left side Signup and view all the answers

What separates the two sides of the mammalian heart?

Septum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the coronary arteries?

To provide blood supply to the heart muscle itself Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be used to monitor heart activity?

ECG Signup and view all the answers

What does the right side of the mammalian heart do?

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What leads to coronary heart disease?

Partial or complete blockage by fatty deposits Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of complete blockage of the coronary arteries?

Heart muscle death and inability to contract Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle change can help reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?

Quitting smoking Signup and view all the answers

Why do the ventricles have thicker muscle walls compared to the atria?

To generate higher pressure for blood pumping Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for an increase in heart rate during exercise?

To supply working muscles with sufficient nutrients and oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the septum in the heart?

To separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of heart valves?

To prevent blood from flowing backwards Signup and view all the answers

After exercising, the heart continues to beat faster for a while. What is one of the reasons for this?

To ensure removal of excess waste products from muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

Which valve is found on the right side of the heart?

Tricuspid valve Signup and view all the answers

How can breathing rate be measured in a practical investigation?

By counting the number of breaths per minute Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for individuals to fully recover before starting a new activity during an experiment?

To ensure consistent measurements for heart and breathing rate Signup and view all the answers

How do the semilunar valves operate in the heart?

They open when the ventricles contract Signup and view all the answers

What type of respiration is likely occurring in muscle cells during intense exercise?

Anaerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the coronary arteries?

To supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased physical activity on heart rate and breathing rate?

Both heart rate and breathing rate increase Signup and view all the answers

Lactic acid buildup during exercise requires repayment of which of the following?

Oxygen debt Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thick muscular walls in arteries?

To withstand high blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Why do capillaries have walls that are one cell thick?

To facilitate easy diffusion of substances Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel connects arterioles to capillaries?

Arterioles Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes veins from arteries regarding their structure?

Veins have a larger lumen Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plasma in the blood?

Carry carbon dioxide and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which blood component is characterized by a concave disc shape and lacks a nucleus?

Red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What function do valves in veins serve?

To prevent backflow of blood Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver?

Hepatic artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelets in the body?

To help in blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens?

Phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes lymphocytes from phagocytes under the microscope?

Lymphocytes have a large round nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of scabs formed during blood clotting?

To seal wounds and prevent infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the process that occurs when platelets initiate blood clotting?

Platelets act to seal the wound until new skin forms Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of phagocytes allows them to detect pathogenic cells?

Their sensitive cell surface membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the semilunar valve in the heart?

To prevent blood from flowing backward into the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the immune system is primarily responsible for producing antibodies?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the scab after a wound has healed?

It falls off after new skin grows underneath Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates veins from arteries in terms of structure?

Veins have a wide lumen while arteries have a narrow lumen Signup and view all the answers

Where does gas exchange primarily occur in the circulatory system?

In the capillaries around the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood do pulmonary arteries carry?

Deoxygenated blood to the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What role do valves in veins serve?

To prevent blood from flowing backward Signup and view all the answers

Why must blood pressure be low in the pulmonary circuit?

To facilitate gas exchange without bursting capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood vessels are responsible for delivering oxygen to tissues?

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Circulatory System

The circulatory system is an organ system responsible for transporting blood throughout the body
Components include: blood vessels, a pump (the heart), and valves ensuring one-way blood flow

Circulatory Systems of Fish

Fish have a two-chambered heart
Blood passes through the heart once for each circuit of the body

Circulatory Systems in Mammals

Mammals possess a four-chambered heart
Blood circulates twice through the heart for each circuit of the body (double circulation)
The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs
The left receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body

Advantages of Double Circulation

Blood pressure decreases significantly when traveling through capillaries in the lungs
In mammals, blood pressure is restored before reaching body tissues allowing oxygen and glucose delivery efficiently to cells

The Mammalian Heart

The heart is situated in the chest (right side of a diagram is actually the left)
The right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs
The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body
The two sides are separated by the septum
The heart muscle is supplied with its own blood supply via coronary arteries

Monitoring Activity of the Heart

Heart activity can be monitored through ECGs, measuring pulse rate, or using a stethoscope to assess valve closures.
Heart rate is commonly measured in beats per minute (bpm)
Exercise increases heart rate, with a return to resting rate after exercise.

Investigating Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate

Breathing rate and heart rate can be measured before, during and after an activity and plotted on a graph.
Increased physical activity results in an increased heart rate and breathing rate
Heart rate remains elevated for a period after activity ceases

Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate (Extended)

Working muscles require more blood for increased respiration to provide nutrients and oxygen.
The heart beats faster to remove waste products at an increased rate, following exercise
Muscles often respire anaerobically, causing an oxygen debt that requires replenishment

Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary heart disease results from fatty deposits called plaques building up in coronary arteries.
This reduces blood flow to the heart muscle, potentially causing angina or heart attacks
Risk factors include smoking, diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol, stress, and genetics

Reducing the Risks of Coronary Heart Disease

Quitting smoking
Eating a diet low in animal fats and rich in fruits and vegetables.
Maintaining a healthy weight
Regular exercise, managing stress
Managing cholesterol

Identifying Structures in the Heart

The ventricles have thicker muscle walls compared to the atria because they pump blood out of the heart at higher pressure.

Functioning of the Heart (Extended)

Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium via the vena cava
The right atrium contracts, pushing blood through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
The right ventricle contracts, pumping blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium
The left atrium contracts, pushing blood through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle.
The left ventricle contracts, pumping blood through the aortic valve to the aorta, delivering oxygenated blood to the body

Blood Vessels

The blood vessels, a system of closed tubes, carry blood to and from various parts of the body.
Arteries, carrying blood from the heart, are characterized by thick muscular walls, narrow lumen, high pressure, and transport oxygenated blood. Except for pulmonary artery.
Veins are characterized by thin walls, high capacity, low blood pressure and carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Except for pulmonary veins.
Capillaries, connecting arteries and veins, with thin walls allow for easy diffusion for efficient gas exchange.

Circulation Around the Body

Blood is carried from the heart to organs via arteries, which branch into arterioles and capillaries for oxygen and nutrient delivery.
Veins collect the deoxygenated blood, returning it to the heart.

Blood Vessels in Liver

Hepatic artery brings oxygenated blood to the liver
Hepatic vein carries deoxygenated blood from the liver back to the heart.
Hepatic portal vein brings deoxygenated blood from the gut to the liver.

Components of Blood

Blood contains red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets, and plasma.
Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help in blood clotting.

Blood Clotting

Platelets are fragments of cells crucial for blood clotting.
Blood clotting, by stopping excessive blood loss from wounds.
Formation of a scab that protects the wound from infection.

White Blood Cells

White blood cells (leukocytes) are part of the immune system, defend against infection.
Two main types include lymphocytes and phagocytes, which combat infections via antibody production and phagocytosis.

Conversion of Fibrinogen

Platelets release chemicals that convert soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells, resulting in a clot and eventually scab formation.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the fascinating world of the circulatory system in this quiz. Learn about the different circulatory systems in fish and mammals, including the structural differences and advantages of double circulation. Test your knowledge of the heart's functions and components.