30 Questions
What is the main transport system in mammals?
Circulatory system
What is the function of the heart?
To pump blood to all parts of the body
What is the duration of each cardiac cycle at an average heart rate of 72 beats/min?
0.8 sec
Where is the heart located?
Thoracic cavity
What is unique about cardiac muscle?
It is myogenic, contracting and relaxing automatically
How many stages are in the cardiac cycle?
3 stages
What is the approximate flow rate of lymph compared to blood?
100ml/hr to 5L/min
What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
To produce lymphocytes
What is the primary function of xylem in plants?
To transport water and minerals from roots to leaves
What is the process by which water enters the root hair cell?
Osmosis
What is the pathway through which water moves across spaces between cellulose fibers in the cell wall?
Apoplast pathway
What is the process by which water is evaporated from the leaves of a plant?
Transpiration
What is the primary function of the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct?
Return of lymphatic fluid to the blood
What is the main component of tissue fluid that differs from plasma?
Protein content
What is the primary mechanism of fluid entry into lymphatic capillaries?
Interstitial fluid pressing against endothelial cells
What is the fate of excess fluid (~10%) in the interstitial spaces?
It is taken up by the lymphatic capillaries
What is the function of lymphocytes in the lymphatic system?
To combat infections
What is the characteristic of the walls of lymphatic capillaries?
One-cell thick
Which pathway involves water movement through the vacuoles, cytoplasm, and cell wall?
Vacuolar pathway
What is the primary function of the phloem in a plant?
To translocate organic solutes from the leaves to other parts of the plant
Where does water finally leave the xylem and enter the cells of a plant?
In the leaves
Through which structure do water and minerals move from one cell to another in the symplast pathway?
Plasmodesmata
In which direction can organic solutes be transported in the phloem?
Both upwards and downwards
What happens to most of the water that enters the spongy and palisade layers in the leaves?
It is lost in transpiration
What occurs when the ventricles contract?
Blood is forced into the pulmonary arteries and the aorta.
What is the function of the semi-lunar valves?
To prevent backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles.
What is the role of the atrio-ventricular node?
To conduct electrical impulses to the bundle of His.
What is the functional connection between the circulatory and lymphatic systems?
The lymphatic system is closely associated with the circulatory system.
What is the result of the ventricular pressure increase during systole?
The atrio-ventricular valves close.
What is the sound produced when the atrio-ventricular valves close?
Lub.
Explore the transport system in mammals, including the heart and its regulation, and learn how it supplies cells with nutrients and oxygen. Discover the role of the circulatory system and blood vessels in this process.
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