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What is the primary site of testosterone synthesis in the male body?
What is the primary site of testosterone synthesis in the male body?
What is the primary mechanism of action for Flutamide and Bicalutamide?
What is the primary mechanism of action for Flutamide and Bicalutamide?
Which of the following best describes one of the physiological actions of testosterone?
Which of the following best describes one of the physiological actions of testosterone?
In which condition is Cyproterone acetate primarily used?
In which condition is Cyproterone acetate primarily used?
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What form is testosterone converted to in the body to exert its active effects?
What form is testosterone converted to in the body to exert its active effects?
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Which of the following side effects is associated with the use of Flutamide and Bicalutamide?
Which of the following side effects is associated with the use of Flutamide and Bicalutamide?
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Which of the following therapeutic uses of synthetic androgens is NOT indicated?
Which of the following therapeutic uses of synthetic androgens is NOT indicated?
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What effect does Finasteride have on testosterone?
What effect does Finasteride have on testosterone?
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What is a potential adverse effect of long-term use of testosterone?
What is a potential adverse effect of long-term use of testosterone?
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Which of the following conditions requires the use of 5 α-reductase inhibitors like Finasteride?
Which of the following conditions requires the use of 5 α-reductase inhibitors like Finasteride?
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Which synthetic androgen has a high anabolic effect with low androgenic effects?
Which synthetic androgen has a high anabolic effect with low androgenic effects?
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What is an infrequent side effect of Finasteride?
What is an infrequent side effect of Finasteride?
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What is a contraindication for testosterone therapy?
What is a contraindication for testosterone therapy?
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Which of the following statements is true about antiandrogens?
Which of the following statements is true about antiandrogens?
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How is methyltestosterone typically administered for effective absorption?
How is methyltestosterone typically administered for effective absorption?
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Which of the following conditions would NOT be treated with testosterone therapy?
Which of the following conditions would NOT be treated with testosterone therapy?
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Which is a common application of 5 α-reductase inhibitors other than prostatic conditions?
Which is a common application of 5 α-reductase inhibitors other than prostatic conditions?
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What is a contraindication for using certain antiandrogens?
What is a contraindication for using certain antiandrogens?
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What effect does testosterone have on sebaceous glands?
What effect does testosterone have on sebaceous glands?
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Study Notes
Male Sex Hormones
- Testosterone is synthesized primarily in the testes and in smaller amounts in the adrenal cortex and ovaries.
- Secretion is controlled by anterior pituitary hormones (ICSH) which in turn are regulated by the hypothalamus (ICRH).
- Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (active form) in the body.
Physiological and Pharmacological Actions
- Promotes development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics and organs.
- Has anabolic effects.
- Affects water and salt balance.
- Influences sebaceous gland growth and secretion.
Testosterone Preparations
- Testosterone is less effective when given orally as it is inactivated by the liver.
- Methyltestosterone is long-lasting and effective orally.
- Nandrolone and oxymetholone have strong anabolic effects but weak androgenic effects.
Clinical Uses of Testosterone
- Replacement therapy for hypogonadism (e.g., cryptorchidism, delayed puberty, impotence).
- Increases protein synthesis and muscle development, helpful in wasting conditions, osteoporosis. Some athletes use it illegally to build muscle.
Adverse Reactions
- Long-term use can cause cholestatic jaundice and hepatocellular carcinoma.
- Salt and water retention (edema) can occur.
- Infertility in males, altered growth in children, and masculinization in females can result from abnormal amounts.
Contraindications
- Breast cancer in males
- Prostate cancer
- Use with caution in heart failure, liver dysfunction, diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypercalcemia.
Antiandrogens
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1-Flutamide and Bicalutamide are competitive antagonists of dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptors. They can treat metastatic prostate cancer, alongside GnRH analogs (such as leuprolide). Mild gynecomastia and reversible hepatic toxicity are possible side effects.
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2-Cyproterone acetate is a progesterone derivative and a partial agonist at androgen receptors. Used to reduce sexual desire in men and treat hirsutism (excessive hair growth) in women. It also reduces the synthesis of gonadotropin.
5α-Reductase Inhibitors
- Finasteride is a specific inhibitor of steroid 5α-reductase, which catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.
- Used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), reducing prostate size and improving urinary flow (though alpha-blockers are more effective). It's also used to treat male pattern hair loss (androgenic alopecia).
- A potential side effect is impotence.
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Description
This quiz covers the synthesis, physiological actions, preparations, and clinical uses of testosterone, focusing on its role in male sex hormones. It includes details about its anabolic properties and therapeutic applications in conditions like hypogonadism.
