Major Reformers of the 16th-18th Centuries

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Questions and Answers

Match the key figures with their contributions:

Martin Luther = Initiated the Protestant Reformation by posting the Ninety-Five Theses John Calvin = Developed the doctrine of predestination Bartolomeu de Las Casas = Advocated for the rights of indigenous peoples Our Lady of Guadalupe = Symbolized indigenous identity and Catholic faith in Mexico

Match the individuals to their geographic influence:

Martin Luther = Germany John Calvin = Switzerland Bartolomeu de Las Casas = The Americas Matteo Ricci = China

Match the key figures with their religious roles:

Martin Luther = Theologian and monk John Calvin = Reformer Matteo Ricci = Jesuit missionary Pope Clement XI = Papal authority in religious matters

Match the contributions to their societal impacts:

Martin Luther = Weakened the Catholic Church's influence Bartolomeu de Las Casas = Reformed colonial policies Our Lady of Guadalupe = Unified Mexican culture Matteo Ricci = Promoted cultural integration in missionary work Signup and view all the answers

Match the controversies with the respective individuals:

John Calvin = Doctrine of predestination Bartolomeu de Las Casas = Defending indigenous rights but supporting African slavery Pope Clement XI = Rites Controversy regarding Jesuits in China Our Lady of Guadalupe = Indigenous versus Catholic identity Signup and view all the answers

Match the figures with their historical context:

Martin Luther = 1517, Protestant Reformation John Calvin = 16th century, Reformed Christianity Matteo Ricci = Late 16th to early 17th century Pope Clement XI = 1700-1721, Jesuit policies in China Signup and view all the answers

Match the individuals with their historical actions:

Martin Luther = Criticized the sale of indulgences John Calvin = Influenced Protestant denominations Bartolomeu de Las Casas = Repented from benefiting off the encomienda system Matteo Ricci = Adapted teachings to Chinese culture Signup and view all the answers

Match the religious figures with significant events:

Martin Luther = Posting the Ninety-Five Theses Our Lady of Guadalupe = Appearance to Juan Diego Pope Clement XI = Support and later criticism of Jesuit missions John Calvin = The development of Reformed doctrines Signup and view all the answers

Match the figures with their ideologies:

Martin Luther = Salvation by faith alone John Calvin = God's predestination Bartolomeu de Las Casas = Advocacy for indigenous rights Matteo Ricci = Cultural integration in religious teaching Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical figures with their associated movements or philosophies:

Emperor Kangxi = Promotion of Confucianism and cultural arts Abd al-Wahhab = Wahhabi movement Wang Yangming = Philosophy of mind and moral understanding Guru Nanak = Founding of Sikhism Signup and view all the answers

Match the scientists with their major contributions or theories:

Nicholas Copernicus = Heliocentric model of the universe Johannes Kepler = Laws of planetary motion Galileo Galilei = Telescope discoveries supporting heliocentrism Isaac Newton = Laws of motion and universal gravitation Signup and view all the answers

Match the philosophers with their key works or ideas:

Voltaire = Advocacy for freedom of speech and religion Mary Wollstonecraft = A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Jean-Jacques Rousseau = The Social Contract John Locke = Two Treatises of Government Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical figure with the century they were prominent in:

Emperor Kangxi = 17th to 18th century Abd al-Wahhab = 18th century Wang Yangming = 16th century Guru Nanak = 15th to 16th century Signup and view all the answers

Match the key contributions with their respective historical figures:

Nicholas Copernicus = Foundation for the Scientific Revolution Galileo Galilei = Advancements in the study of motion Mary Wollstonecraft = Challenging traditional gender roles John Locke = Foundation of liberal political thought Signup and view all the answers

Match the philosopher with their perspective on government:

Voltaire = Critique of monarchy and church Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Government based on the general will John Locke = Social contract and natural rights Wang Yangming = Innate ability to discern right from wrong Signup and view all the answers

Match the scientific figures with their notable scientific methodologies:

Galileo Galilei = Use of the telescope Isaac Newton = Synthesis of earlier scientific discoveries Johannes Kepler = Mathematical physics and astronomy Nicholas Copernicus = Mathematical astronomy Signup and view all the answers

Match the significant ideas with their proponents:

Voltaire = Secularism and reason Mary Wollstonecraft = Women's access to education Abd al-Wahhab = Rejecting innovations in Islam Guru Nanak = Equality and devotion to one God Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical figures with their origins or backgrounds:

Isaac Newton = English mathematician and physicist Johannes Kepler = German astronomer Guru Nanak = Born in the Punjab region Mary Wollstonecraft = English writer and feminist Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Major Reformers and Thinkers of the 16th-18th Centuries

Martin Luther: Initiated the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by posting Ninety-Five Theses. Criticized the Catholic Church, especially indulgences, advocating salvation by faith alone. Led to Protestant denominations and weakened the Catholic Church.
John Calvin: Prominent Protestant Reformer. Key doctrine was predestination: God's predetermined choice of the saved and damned. Influenced Reformed Christianity, especially in Switzerland, Scotland, and parts of France.
Bartolomeu de Las Casas: Spanish priest who advocated for indigenous rights in the Americas. Initially involved in the encomienda system, but later opposed native mistreatment. His writings led to colonial reforms, although he also supported African slavery.
Our Lady of Guadalupe: Catholic religious symbol in Mexico. Tradition holds she appeared to Juan Diego in 1531, becoming a symbol of indigenous identity and faith, uniting Mexican culture and spirituality.
Matteo Ricci: Italian Jesuit missionary in China. Fought to integrate into Chinese society and learn the language. Adapted Catholic teachings to Chinese culture, respecting traditions and incorporating Confucian principles. This strategy helped his mission gain influence.
Pope Clement XI: Instrumental in the Rites Controversy concerning Jesuit missionary work in China. Initially supported Jesuits but later criticized their accommodation of Chinese traditions, like ancestor worship, causing conflict.
Emperor Kangxi: Fourth Qing Dynasty emperor (r. 1661-1722). His reign featured stability, expansion, and cultural flourishing, with a tolerant view toward Christianity, allowing Jesuit missions.
Abd al-Wahhab: 18th-century Islamic scholar who founded the Wahhabi movement. Advocated for a purer form of Islam, rejecting innovations and practices not adhering to Prophet Muhammad's teachings. Shaped Saudi Arabia's development and its interpretation of Islamic law.
Wang Yangming: Ming Dynasty philosopher who emphasized "mind" (xin) as fundamental to morality. Challenged Confucian orthodoxy by highlighting intuitive knowledge, proposing an inherent ability to discern right and wrong in all people.
Guru Nanak: Founder of Sikhism (1469). Rejected caste systems, promoting equality and devotion to one God. His teachings established Sikhism, stressing truth, meditation, and service to humanity.

Scientists and Philosophers of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

Nicholas Copernicus: Polish astronomer. Formulated the heliocentric model, placing the Sun, not Earth, at the center of the universe. His work laid the foundation for the Scientific Revolution.
Johannes Kepler: German astronomer who built on Copernicus's ideas. Discovered the laws of planetary motion, demonstrating elliptical orbits instead of circular ones, and how planetary speed changes with proximity to the sun.
Galileo Galilei: Italian astronomer and physicist. His telescope discoveries, like Jupiter's moons and Venus's phases, supported the heliocentric view. His support for these ideas led to a conflict with the Catholic Church.
Isaac Newton: English mathematician and physicist. Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation. His work synthesized past discoveries, creating a comprehensive framework for understanding the physical world.
Voltaire: French Enlightenment philosopher advocating civil liberties (freedom of religion, speech). Criticized the French monarchy and the Catholic Church, supporting reason, secularism, and individual rights. His writings influenced modern thought.
Mary Wollstonecraft: English writer advocating women's rights and gender equality. Her famous work, "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman", challenged traditional gender roles, advocating education and opportunities for women.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: French philosopher influenced by the French Revolution. Stressed the "general will" of the people as the basis for government (The Social Contract). Believed in inherent human goodness and direct democracy.
John Locke: English philosopher and political theorist. Influenced liberal political thought. "Two Treatises of Government" argued for government as a social contract, based on natural rights to life, liberty, and property. His ideas were foundational for democracy and constitutional government.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the influential reformers and thinkers of the 16th to 18th centuries. This quiz covers figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin, their contributions to religious thought, and the impact of Bartolomeu de Las Casas. Explore how these historical actors shaped modern religious and cultural landscapes.