Questions and Answers
What is the Protestant Reformation?
Who challenged the Catholic Church with his '95 Theses'?
Martin Luther
Who was the pope during the Reformation that supported the sale of indulgences?
Pope Leo X
Who was the Holy Roman Emperor that tried to appease both Protestants and Catholics?
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What are the '95 Theses'?
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What does the term 'heretic' refer to?
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What was the Diet of Worms?
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Where did Calvin start his reform?
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Who was John Calvin?
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Who were the Huguenots?
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What did Henry IV issue to end the Wars of Religion?
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Who was Catherine de Medici?
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What role did Cardinal Richelieu play in French politics?
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What was the significance of the Peace Treaty of Westphalia?
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Who created the Anglican Church?
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Who was Catherine of Aragon?
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Who was Anne Boleyn?
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Study Notes
Protestant Reformation Overview
- Movement in Europe opposing perceived unfair practices of the Catholic Church.
- Led to the formation of various Christian denominations and significant religious conflicts across Europe.
Martin Luther
- A priest who challenged the Catholic Church with his "95 Theses," initiating the Protestant Reformation.
- Founded Lutheranism, which became a major Christian tradition.
- His actions contributed to the onset of the Thirty Years War.
Pope Leo X
- Encouraged the sale of indulgences to fund St. Peter's Basilica construction.
- His policies ignited Martin Luther's protests, ultimately leading to Luther's excommunication.
Charles V
- Archduke of Austria and Holy Roman Emperor who negotiated between Protestant princes and the Catholic Pope.
- Notably defended Martin Luther during the Diet of Worms.
95 Theses
- Document critiquing the corrupt sale of indulgences, asserting that the Bible is the ultimate religious authority.
- Pivotal in sparking the Reformation and contributing to the schism within Christianity.
Heretic
- Defined as an individual who opposes the official beliefs of the Church.
- Their dissent led to the emergence of new religious movements.
Diet of Worms
- Assembly that judged Martin Luther; he was convicted of heresy.
- Marked the formal beginning of Lutheranism.
Geneva
- Central location for John Calvin's reforms; established grounds for Presbyterianism.
- Known for its strict theocratic governance.
John Calvin
- French theologian who developed the doctrine of predestination and founded Calvinism.
- His ideas significantly shaped the direction of Protestantism and contributed to the rise of Presbyterianism.
Huguenots
- French Protestants influenced by Calvinism, faced persecution leading to their emigration.
- Their struggles ignited the French Wars of Religion lasting 35 years.
Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
- Issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted religious freedom to Huguenots.
- Played a key role in resolving conflicts during the Wars of Religion in France.
Catherine de Medici
- Queen consort who dealt with civil unrest due to religious extremism, deeply affecting her reign.
- Often blamed for exacerbating tensions that led to religious wars.
Cardinal Richelieu
- Chief minister to King Louis XIII, known for his staunch Catholic support and political maneuvers.
- Revoked the Edict of Nantes and took strong action against Huguenots, reinforcing royal absolutism.
Edict of Nantes
- Legislation that granted rights to Calvinist Protestants (Huguenots) in France.
- Important step toward religious tolerance in a predominantly Catholic nation.
Peace Treaty of Westphalia
- The agreement that concluded the Thirty Years War.
- Recognized the independence of Switzerland and the Netherlands from Austria and Spain, respectively.
Henry VIII
- King of England whose desire for a male heir led him to create the Anglican Church after being denied a divorce.
- Established a new religious institution that retained Catholic traditions while allowing divorce, significantly impacting the Reformation.
Catherine of Aragon
- Henry VIII's first wife, a devout Catholic who refused to annul their marriage.
- Mother to Mary Tudor, whose reign also influenced the religious climate.
Anne Boleyn
- Henry VIII's second wife, a Protestant whose marriage led to significant historical changes.
- Executed on various charges, she bore Elizabeth I, later a pivotal queen in English history.
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Description
This quiz features key terms and definitions related to the Protestant Reformation. Learn about important figures like Martin Luther and the movement that shaped Christianity in Europe. Perfect for students looking to understand the historical context and significance of these terms.
