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Which perspective of psychology emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences?
Which psychological approach is primarily concerned with observable behaviors and environmental influences?
What does the humanistic perspective focus on in human behavior?
Which perspective examines mental processes such as memory and language?
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Why is diversity important in the field of psychology?
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What distinguishes primary sources in psychology?
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What is confirmation bias?
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What are schemas in psychology?
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What is a primary factor that influences bystander intervention?
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Which of the following best defines prejudice?
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Which type of stressor is characterized by minor day-to-day irritations?
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In research, what distinguishes a population from a sample?
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What is a significant physiological consequence of acute stress?
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What defines social influence in the formation of attitudes?
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Which strategy is typically NOT considered effective in dealing with stress?
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What key difference exists between true experimental design and quasi-experimental design?
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What is the primary role of retrieval cues in memory?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of sensory memory?
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What is encoding failure in relation to memory?
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What does the misinformation effect illustrate regarding memory?
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Which of the following steps is NOT part of the scientific method used in psychological research?
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What is the fundamental attribution error?
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Which factor does NOT typically influence memory encoding processes?
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What type of interference occurs when previously learned information hampers the ability to learn new information?
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Study Notes
Major Perspectives of Psychology
- Psychoanalytic - Focuses on the unconscious mind, repressed memories, and early childhood experiences shaping behavior.
- Behavioral - Studies observable behaviors and how they are influenced by the environment.
- Humanistic - Emphasizes the positive aspects of human nature, focusing on self-actualization, personal growth, and free will.
- Cognitive - Examines mental processes like perception, memory, attention, language, and decision-making to understand how people process information and behave.
- Biological - Studies genetic and biological processes in the brain and nervous system.
- Sociocultural - Examines how social interactions and cultural determinants influence a person's behavior.
- Evolutionary - Analyzes psychological traits and behaviors through the lens of natural selection and adaptation, considering how they may have evolved to enhance survival.
Importance of Diversity in Psychology
- Provides a more accurate understanding of human behavior.
- Enhances the knowledge about the brain.
- Recognizes the importance of diverse perspectives in research.
Research in Psychology
- Psychologists use the scientific method to gather information.
- Research is typically published in peer-reviewed journals.
Primary and Secondary Sources in Psychology
- Primary sources are original research articles directly from the researcher(s), usually found in peer-reviewed journals.
- Secondary sources are summaries or interpretations of primary sources, found in magazines, books, and articles.
Concepts and Schemas
- Concepts are broad ideas or frameworks used to understand and explain human behavior and mental processes. Example: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Schemas are organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias how new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled. Example: A child developing a schema for "dog" based on characteristics like having a tail and walking on four legs.
Confirmation Bias
- People with confirmation bias tend to favor information that confirms their existing beliefs, values, or opinions.
- Example: During a presidential election, people may seek information that paints their preferred candidate in a positive light while dismissing any negative information.
Factors Influencing Memory Encoding
- Attention
- Motivation
- Emotional state
- Prior knowledge
- Rehearsal
Memory Types
- Sensory memory - Brief storage of sensory events (smell, sights, tastes).
- Short-term (working) memory - Temporary storage for processing sensory memory.
- Long-term memory - Continuous storage of information.
Biological Processes of Memory
- Encoding - Transforming information into a format that can be stored in memory.
- Storage - Maintaining encoded information over time.
- Retrieval - Accessing stored information for conscious use.
Major Brain Areas Involved in Memory
- Hippocampus - Crucial for forming new memories.
- Amygdala - Plays a role in emotional memories.
- Cerebral cortex - Stores long-term memories.
Role of Retrieval Cues
- Retrieval cues help to access memories stored in long-term memory so they become conscious and usable.
Factors Contributing to Forgetting
- Interference - Previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information.
- Encoding failure - Memory loss occurs before the memory process (not paying enough attention to detail).
Strategies for Improving Memory
- Elaboration - Connecting new information to existing knowledge.
- Spaced practice - Spreading out learning sessions over time.
- Retrieval practice - Testing yourself on learned material.
The Misinformation Effect and False Memories
- The misinformation effect occurs when incorrect information obtained after an event contaminates our memory of that event.
- False memories are memories of events that never happened, implanted through suggestion.
Steps of the Scientific Method
- Observation - Identifying a phenomenon worth studying.
- Question - Formulating a question about the observation.
- Hypothesis - Developing a testable explanation for the observation.
- Prediction - Making a specific prediction about the outcome of an experiment.
- Experiment - Designing and conducting an experiment to test the hypothesis.
- Data analysis - Analyzing the data collected from the experiment.
- Conclusion - Drawing a conclusion based on the data analysis.
- Communicating results - Sharing the findings with the scientific community.
Situational Influences on Behavior
- Social norms - Expected behaviors within a particular social group.
- Social roles - Behaviors expected of people in particular positions.
- Scripts - Pre-determined sequences of actions in a given situation.
Fundamental Attribution Error
- The tendency to overemphasize personal traits or character when explaining someone's behavior while underestimating the influence of external factors.
Factors Influencing Conformity and Obedience
- Group size - Larger groups tend to exert more pressure to conform.
- Perceived authority - Individuals are more likely to obey those perceived as having authority.
- Cultural norms - Conformity and obedience vary across cultures.
- Public or private nature of response - People are more likely to conform when their responses are public.
- Perceived consequences - The potential consequences of non-conformity influence obedience.
Bystander Intervention
- The actor-observer bias contributes to bystander intervention.
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Factors influencing bystander intervention:
- The presence of others
- Diffusion of responsibility
- Cost of helping
Factors Influencing Aggression
- Biological factors - Genetics, hormones, brain structures.
- Psychological factors - Frustration, anger, hostility.
- Environmental factors - Exposure to violence, cultural norms.
Attitude Formation
- Personal experiences - Direct interactions shape attitudes.
- Social influence - Opinions of significant others influence attitudes.
- Exposure to information - Media and other sources shape attitudes.
Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination
- Prejudice - Prejudging, having an opinion, or attitude about a group of people based on their membership in a particular group.
- Stereotypes - Biased beliefs about a group of people.
- Discrimination - Negative action towards a group or individual based on their membership in a group.
Independent and Dependent Variables
- Independent variable - The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.
- Dependent variable - The variable that is measured in an experiment.
Samples and Populations in Research
- Population - The entire group of individuals being studied.
- Sample - A subset of the population that is selected for study.
Random Sampling and Random Assignment
- Random sampling - A method of selecting participants for a study in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
- Random assignment - A method of assigning participants to experimental conditions in which every participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any condition.
Stress
- Stress is a physiological and psychological response to demands or challenges.
- Stress response - The body's physiological response to stress, often called "fight or flight".
Stressors
- Traumatic events - Physical attacks, robbery, sexual assault.
- Life changes - Death of a close family member, personal injury or illness, job loss.
- Hassles - Rush hour traffic, losing car keys, arguments with family or friends.
Consequences of Stress
- Acute stress - Increased heart rate, muscle tension, hormone release.
- Chronic stress - Long-term health issues affecting the immune system, digestive system, and cardiovascular system.
Strategies for Managing Stress
- Physiological - Exercise, relaxation techniques.
- Cognitive - Problem-solving, positive reframing.
- Behavioral - Time management, social support.
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
- True experimental design - A research design that includes random assignment of participants to conditions.
- Quasi-experimental design - A research design that does not include random assignment.
Experimental and Correlational Designs
- Experimental design - A research design that manipulates a variable to determine its effect on another variable.
- Correlational design - A research design that examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them.
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Description
Explore the key perspectives of psychology, including psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, biological, sociocultural, and evolutionary approaches. Understand how each viewpoint contributes to the understanding of human behavior and mental processes. This quiz emphasizes the relationship between these perspectives and their relevance in the field of psychology.
