Midterm Study Guide PDF

Describe the 7 major perspectives of psychology such as psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic, and cognitive approaches. Psychoanalytic- emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind, repressed memories, and early childhood experiences in shaping behavior Behavioral- the study of observable behav...

Describe the 7 major perspectives of psychology such as psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic, and cognitive approaches. Psychoanalytic- emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind, repressed memories, and early childhood experiences in shaping behavior Behavioral- the study of observable behavior and how they are influenced by the environment Humanistic- highlights positive aspects on human nature, focusing on concepts like self-actualization, personal growth, and free will Cognitive- examines mental processes like perception, memory, attention, language, and decision making to understand how people process information and behave Biological- genetic and biological processes in the brain and nervous system Sociocultural- how social interactions and cultural determinants influence a persons behavior Evolutionary- analyzes psychological traits and behaviors through the lens of natural selection and adaptation, considering how they may have evolved to enhance survival Identify the importance of diversity in the field of psychology. Gives more accurate understanding of human behavior as well as increases psychologists More accurate knowledge on the brain Recognize that psychologists use research to gather information. Use scientific method Identify where psychologists typically publish research. Peer reviewed journals Recognize examples of primary and secondary sources in psychology Primary- directly from the person who did the research, usually found in peer reviewed journals Secondary- magazines, books, articles ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Define and give an example of concepts and schemas. Concepts- a broad idea or framework used to understand and explain human behavior and mental processes (ex. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) Schemas- organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled (ex. Child developing schema for dog, knowing they have a tail, walk on 4 legs, etc.) Explain confirmation bias and provide an example. People with confirmation bias tend to favor information that confirms their existing beliefs, values, or opinions. An example of this would be during a presidential election, people tend to seek information that paints the candidate they support in a positive light while dismissing any information that paints them in a negative light Identify factors that influence the encoding of memories. - - - - - Distinguish between sensory, short-term (working), and long-term memory. Sensory: storage of brief sensory events (smell, sights, tastes) Short-term: temporary storage for system that processes sensory memory Long-term: continuous storage of information Explain the basic biological processes related to memory and the major areas of the brain is involved in memory. Encoding, storage, retrieval Describe the role of retrieval cues in remembering. Helps to access memories stored in long-term memory so they become conscious and useable Describe how interference and encoding failure contribute to forgetting. Interference: previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information Encoding failure: memory loss before the memory processes. (not paying enough attention to detail) Identify strategies for improving the encoding, storage, and retrieval of memory. - - - Explain the misinformation effect and false memories. Occurs when incorrect information obtained after an event contaminates our memory of that event Explain the steps of the scientific method as used in psychological research Step 1:make an observation Step 2: ask a question Step 3: make a hypothesis Step 4: make a prediction Step 5: conduct an experiment Step 6: analyze data Step 7: draw a conclusion Step 8: communicate results ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Recognize situational influences on behavior. Social norms, social roles, scripts oDefine the fundamental attribution error. Fundamental bias that causes people to overemphasize a persons personality or character when explaining their behavior, while underestimating the influence of external factors oDefine factors that influence conformity and obedience to authorities. Group size, perceived authority, cultural norms, public or private nature of response, perceived consequences oRecognize factors that influence bystander intervention (actor-observer bias) The presence of others, diffusion of responsibility, cost of helping oIdentify factors that influence aggression. Biological factors, psychological factors, and environmental factors oExplain how attitudes are formed. Personal experiences, social influence, exposure to information oDistinguish between prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. Prejudice: pre judging, having an opinion, or attitude about a group of people based on their membership in a particular group Stereotypes: biased belief about a group of people Discrimination: negative action towards a group or individual based on their membership in a group oDefine independent and dependent variables and identify examples of each. - conditions - oRecognize the difference between samples and populations in research - - Recognize the difference between random sampling and random assignment in research - research experiment - ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Define stress and describe the stress response. - that people go through when they have a demand placed on them. - or challenge, also known as "fight or flight" Define stressors and identify common types of stressors. Traumatic events: physical attacks, robbery, sexual assault Life changes: death of close family member, personal injury or illness, dismissal from work Hassles: rush hour traffic, losing car keys, arguments with family or friends Describe the physiological and psychological consequences of acute and chronic stress. Acute stress: a physiological response to acute stress would be an increased heart rate muscle tension, or hormone release. Chronic stress: long term health issues affecting immune system, digestive system, and cardiovascular system Describe physiological, cognitive, and behavioral strategies to deal with stress. Perceived control, optimism, social support, exercise, meditation, religious beliefs, cognitive flexibility Explain the difference between true experimental design and quasi-experimental design. - - Explain the difference between experimental design and correlation design. - - Identify how you would describe the results of correlation research Link, relationship, predicted