Macronutrients and Energy Balance Quiz

The set of chemical reactions in the body that sustain life, involving enzymatic reactions affected by food intake and energy expenditure.

Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in living cells, consisting of a ribose sugar, adenine, and three phosphate groups.

The process of synthesizing complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy (ATP).

The process of breaking down molecules to release energy for the body.

The maintenance of anabolic and catabolic processes for homeostasis, requiring responses to nutrient intake and environmental changes.

The normal fasting blood glucose level is between 90-126 mg/dL.

A condition defined by blood glucose levels below 70 mg/dL, often causing dizziness and weakness.

The balance of glucose levels in the blood, primarily managed by the liver.

The process of producing glucose in the liver.

Progression from normal liver to steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and potentially liver cancer.

Energy reserve in muscles used to quickly regenerate ATP.

Direct generation of ATP from ADP without oxygen, using specific enzymes.

Process where an electron donor loses an electron.

Process where an electron acceptor gains an electron.

Reduced form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, important in energy metabolism.

Reduced form of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide, involved in the TCA cycle.

Outer membrane is permeable, inner membrane is not, affecting ion transport.

Ratios of ATP:ADP and NADH:NAD+ reflect a cell's energy level.

Pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP.

Metabolic pathway that oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO2, generating NADH and ATP.

Specific enzymes are required for each step in glycolysis and TCA cycle.

Process converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA before entering TCA cycle.

Net gain is 2 ATP and 2 NADH from one glucose molecule.

Process of storing excess calories as fat when energy levels are high.

A form of glucose storage in plants that is more compact.

A storage form of glucose in animals that is more soluble and easier to break down than amylose.

Glycogen is primarily stored in the liver and muscles, contributing to energy supply.

The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate for energy.

An enzyme that removes glucose units from glycogen during glycogenolysis.

An enzyme that works with glycogen phosphorylase to release glucose from glycogen branches.

An enzyme that converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate for metabolism.

A key molecule formed from glycogenolysis that enters glycolysis or the pentose pathway.

Process of converting glucose-6-phosphate to glucose in the liver for blood glucose release.

Only liver glycogen can convert G6P to glucose, aiding blood glucose levels.

The first committed step in glycolysis, essential for trapping glucose in the cell.

Pyruvate can become acetyl-CoA, lactate, or ethanol, depending on the cellular conditions.

A lethal genetic condition causing hemolytic anemia and neurological symptoms due to glycolytic enzyme deficiency.

Glucose is transported based on a gradient through special transport proteins in the liver.

The pathway starting from glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate, then to glucose-6-phosphate, and finally to glucose.

The process of DNA being transcribed to mRNA, which is then translated to protein.

Modification of mRNA after transcription to prepare it for translation.

Regulation of an enzyme's activity through binding of a molecule at a site other than the active site.

The relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure to maintain body weight.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Nutrients required in large amounts that provide energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Vitamins and minerals that support metabolism, required in smaller amounts.

The energy expended during digestion and processing of food.

When excess carbohydrates are converted to glycogen after a high-carb meal.

The rate of energy expenditure while at rest, necessary for maintaining basic bodily functions.

The process of heat production in organisms in response to temperature changes.

A method to measure energy expenditure by analyzing respiration gases.

A high-energy molecule that acts as the main energy currency of the cell.

The energy released when ATP is hydrolyzed, approximately 7.3 kcal per bond.

Citrate is formed from Acetyl-COA and Oxaloacetate by citrate synthase.

Aconitase converts citrate to isocitrate during isomerization.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase converts isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate, reducing NAD+ to NADH.

Converts α-ketoglutarate to Succinyl-CoA, generating another NADH and releasing CO2.

Converts Succinyl-CoA to Succinate while producing GTP (or ATP).

Converts Succinate to Fumarate, reducing FAD to FADH2.

Fumarase hydrates Fumarate to Malate.

Converts Malate back to Oxaloacetate, generating NADH.

Process of breaking down macronutrients like fats and carbohydrates for energy.

Describes how the proton gradient powers ATP synthesis in mitochondria.

A series of protein complexes facilitating electron transfer to create a proton gradient.

A lipid-soluble carrier that shuttles electrons in the electron transport chain.

Transfers electrons from NADH to Ubiquinone and pumps protons into the intermembrane space.

Transfers electrons to oxygen, forming water and releasing protons.

Substances like Rotenone and Cyanide that disrupt the electron transport chain.