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Questions and Answers
How does insulin facilitate glucose entry into cells?
How does insulin facilitate glucose entry into cells?
- By activating enzymes that break down glucose into smaller molecules.
- By increasing the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.
- By signaling the insertion of glucose transporters into the cell membrane. (correct)
- By directly binding to glucose and transporting it across the cell membrane.
In what form is most excess glucose stored in the body, and why?
In what form is most excess glucose stored in the body, and why?
- As ATP, because it is the most readily available energy source.
- As fat (triglycerides), because the body can store more energy in this form. (correct)
- As glycogen, because it is easier to convert back to glucose.
- As amino acids, because they are essential for protein synthesis.
How does glucagon contribute to maintaining blood glucose homeostasis?
How does glucagon contribute to maintaining blood glucose homeostasis?
- By stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and synthesis of glucose in the liver. (correct)
- By increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas.
- By promoting the storage of glucose as glycogen in muscle cells.
- By inhibiting the uptake of glucose by cells throughout the body.
What is the primary role of triglycerides in the body's energy metabolism?
What is the primary role of triglycerides in the body's energy metabolism?
What metabolic process occurs in Stage 2 (Tissue Cells) of nutrient processing?
What metabolic process occurs in Stage 2 (Tissue Cells) of nutrient processing?
What is the significance of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in energy metabolism?
What is the significance of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in energy metabolism?
Besides energy production, what is another crucial role of lipids in the body?
Besides energy production, what is another crucial role of lipids in the body?
What happens to excess amino acids that are not immediately used for protein synthesis?
What happens to excess amino acids that are not immediately used for protein synthesis?
What are two major metabolic functions of the liver?
What are two major metabolic functions of the liver?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the body's preference for energy sources?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the body's preference for energy sources?
Which hormone is crucial for enabling glucose to enter cells for energy production or storage?
Which hormone is crucial for enabling glucose to enter cells for energy production or storage?
What is the primary fate of carbohydrates once they are digested?
What is the primary fate of carbohydrates once they are digested?
How does the energy yield from fat catabolism compare to that of glucose or protein?
How does the energy yield from fat catabolism compare to that of glucose or protein?
In the context of nutrient processing in the body, what accurately describes 'anabolism'?
In the context of nutrient processing in the body, what accurately describes 'anabolism'?
What happens to H atoms removed during oxidative breakdown?
What happens to H atoms removed during oxidative breakdown?
Flashcards
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
The body's preferred energy source; they are transformed into glucose.
Insulin
Insulin
A hormone that facilitates glucose entry into cells.
Glucagon
Glucagon
Produced when blood glucose levels are low to stimulate an increase in blood glucose.
Fats (lipids)
Fats (lipids)
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis
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Anabolism
Anabolism
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Catabolism
Catabolism
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Hepatocytes
Hepatocytes
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Glycogen
Glycogen
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Detoxification
Detoxification
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ATP
ATP
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Study Notes
- Chapter 24 covers nutrition, metabolism, and energy balance
- Lecture 3 focuses on metabolism
Preferred Energy Source
- Carbohydrates are the body's preferred energy source.
- Digested carbohydrates transform into glucose, the body's main energy source.
- Glucose metabolism creates ATP.
- Insulin helps glucose enter cells.
- Excess glucose is stored as either glycogen or fat.
- The body stores most energy as fat because it can store more fat than glycogen; upwards of 80-85% is stored as fat
Role of Insulin
- Insulin facilitates glucose entry directly into cells
Role of Glucagon
- Glucagon stimulates an increase in blood glucose levels
Lipids as Energy
- Fats are the body's most concentrated energy source.
- Catabolism of fat produces more than twice the energy of glucose or protein.
- Fat digestion products are transported in lymph.
- Triglycerides are the main lipid the body uses for energy.
- Triglycerides break down into glycerol and fatty acids.
- These are then used in ATP production.
Additional Importance of Lipids
- Fatty deposits cushion organs and insulate beneath the skin.
- Cholesterol and phospholipids build cell membranes.
- Phospholipids are essential parts of the myelin sheath.
- Ovaries, testes, and the adrenal cortex use cholesterol to produce hormones.
- Lipids help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins.
- The liver uses lipids for various functions, including bile salt formation.
Role of Amino Acids
- The body requires amino acids to build new proteins.
- The body uses about 100g of protein daily for this purpose.
- Excess protein cannot be stored and is used for energy or stored as fat.
- Amino acids are used for energy when carbohydrates and lipids are unavailable and this occurs in the liver.
Metabolic Role of the Liver
- Hepatocytes are abundant liver cells with approximately 500 metabolic functions.
- The liver produces bile.
- The liver processes nearly every class of nutrient
- It absorbs and stores glucose as glycogen
- It creates ATP from fats and proteins
- The liver regulates plasma cholesterol levels.
- The liver stores vitamins and minerals.
- The liver filters blood - detoxifies and clears waste products
- The liver metabolizes alcohol, drugs, hormones, and bilirubin.
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