Locomotion and Early Walking Development

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Questions and Answers

What defines proficient sidearm striking compared to early sidearm striking?

Differentiated trunk rotation and a long step (correct)

Chopping motion with minimal arm extension

Limited trunk rotation and a short step

Use of both arms to strike the object

In the context of early overarm striking, which characteristic is typically observed?

High rotational velocity of the trunk

Straight arm with full extension during contact

Sequential movements leading to arm extension

Limited trunk rotation with a bent elbow (correct)

Which of the following best describes proficient overarm striking?

Lower and upper trunk are rotated more than 90° (correct)

Elbow action is completely locked during contact

Upper trunk rotates less than 90°

There is significant lag before ball contact

What is a common characteristic of early striking techniques across different forms?

Arm remains at or below shoulder level Signup and view all the answers

Which motion is primarily associated with proficient sidearm striking?

Horizontal swing through a large range of motion Signup and view all the answers

In developing ballistic skills, what is essential for effective trunk rotation during striking?

Using a sequential movement pattern Signup and view all the answers

What is often a misconception about early overarm striking techniques?

Trunk rotation is completely unnecessary Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is primarily emphasized in proficient overarm striking compared to early techniques?

Higher rotational velocity and effective trunk movement Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor influencing the type of grip used during grasping?

The shape or size of the object Signup and view all the answers

At what age is there a noticeable development of reaching and grasping skills in children?

9 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'affordance' in relation to child development?

Actions or behaviors enabled by the environment Signup and view all the answers

Which type of grip is characterized by a strong grip primarily used for lifting heavy objects?

Power grip Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences hand grasping behavior in infants?

Biological maturity Signup and view all the answers

In the context of motor development, what typically occurs later in the phasing of manipulative skills?

Catching moving objects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following abilities is crucial for effective coordination in movement?

Visual-spatial awareness Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of manipulatives is significantly impacted by the constraints imposed on a child?

The way objects can be grasped Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of motor development typically includes the refinement of ballistic skills?

Late childhood Signup and view all the answers

What role do caregivers typically play in the development of a child's manipulative skills?

Providing a safe environment for exploration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of proficient kicking?

Trunk rotation and full range of motion are involved. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the requirements for successful catching in children?

Anticipation of the ball's arrival is crucial. Signup and view all the answers

In proficient punting, which action is critical during the preparatory windup phase?

The trunk is rotated backward to prepare for the kick. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the arms in relation to the legs during proficient kicking?

Arms move in opposition to the legs. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is critical in assessing catching performance in children?

Consistency of catching under variable environmental conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which element is not part of the sequential movement in proficient kicking?

The trunk does not rotate. Signup and view all the answers

What developmental change affects catching as children grow older?

Increase in glove size. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of force absorption when catching an object?

To minimize the impact of the object. Signup and view all the answers

During the development of coincidence anticipation, what skill becomes essential?

Cognitive understanding of time. Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is characterized by sequential actions leading to a full follow-through in proficient kicking?

Knee bending before contact. Signup and view all the answers

How does the position of fingers impact catching accuracy?

Fingers should be up for high balls and down for low balls. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'give' refer to in the context of catching?

Allowing the arms to absorb the ball's impact. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the biomechanics of proficient kicking?

Full range of motion is utilized from trunk to leg. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Locomotion

Locomotion is the act of moving from one place to another
It can involve one, two, or four limbs.
Examples include crawling, walking, running, hopping, skipping, galloping, and using other modes.
Walking is the first form of upright, bipedal locomotion.
Defined by 50% phasing between legs and periods of double support (both feet on ground) followed by single support.

Walking in Older Adulthood

Maximizing stability over mobility is key
Characteristics include out-toeing, decreased stride length, pelvic rotation, and speed.
Objects can be used as balance aids.

Early Locomotion

Crawling: moving on hands and abdomen
Creeping: moving on hands and knees

Early Walking

Maximizes stability and balance over mobility.
Arms are in a high guard position.
Feet are spread wide apart and out-toed.
No trunk rotation occurs.
Independent steps are taken.
Strength and balance are rate controllers.

Developmental Changes

By age 4, children have essential components of advanced walking.
Stance leg support time increases.
Walking velocity increases.

Running

Occurs 6-7 months after walking starts.
Key characteristics include 50% phasing between legs and flight phase followed by single support.
Speed is a factor.

Proficient Running

Stability is reduced to increase mobility.
Stride length increases.
Planar movement with arms and legs moving forward.
Trunk rotation and opposition between arms and legs are involved.

Other Types of Locomotion (like Jumping, Hopping, Leaping)

Jumping: propel self off ground with one or two feet.
Hopping: propel self off ground one foot, land on the same foot.
Leaping: propel self off ground with one foot, and land on the opposite foot.

Galloping, Sliding, Skipping

Gallop: forward step on one foot, leap on the other.
Slide: sideways step on one foot, leap on the other.
Skip: alternating step-hops, one foot then the other.
Rate controllers depend on coordination and differential force production.

Throwing

Throwing patterns include underhand, sidearm, and overarm.
Throwing for force will vary from the preparatory windup, weight shift & long step and momentum.
Different force and accuracy will influence throwing technique.

Kicking

Kicking can be characterized by a preparatory windup, striking with the foot and needing eye-foot coordination.

Striking

Striking can be characterized by an arm remaining at or below shoulder level, differentiated trunk rotation, and large range of motion

Catching

Catching involves positioning hands prior to the catch, up for high balls and down for low balls.
Arms will "give" or bend for force absorption.

Reaching and Grasping

Reaching movements involve using one or two arms.

Grasping

Grasping can be a power grip or a precision grip.
Grip type will depend on the shape or size of the object.
Visual feedback is important in grasping.

Bimanual Reaching and Manipulation

Bimanual reaching involves using both arms to reach for objects.
Manipulation is the act of using both hands together to do tasks.

Body Composition

Body composition is a factor in overall health.
It relates to looking, overall health and work capacity.
Genetic and environmental factors influence it.

Obesity

Obesity is a condition with high BMI, which is a concern for overall health.
It may be influenced by reduced metabolic rate and genetic factors.
Lower activity levels, and high intakes will influence weight gain.

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Description

Explore the fascinating stages of locomotion from early crawling to walking in older adulthood. This quiz examines movement characteristics, stability, and the evolution of mobility in children and older adults. Test your knowledge on how locomotion is defined and the developmental changes that occur over time.