Liver Metabolism of Drugs and Bilirubin Process

Which of the following plasma proteins is negatively regulated during the Acute Phase reaction?

Ceruloplasmin

C3

Albumin (correct)

A1AT

What is the function of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in lipid metabolism?

Exports dietary triglycerides to tissues

Delivers triglycerides and cholesterol from the liver to tissues (correct)

Delivers cholesterol from tissues back to the liver

Derived from chylomicrons in the intestine

Which of the following metabolic wastes is primarily detoxified in the urea cycle?

Bilirubin

Ammonia (correct)

Urea

Urobilinogens

What is the main function of hepatic cell signaling in bile production?

Communication within liver cells Signup and view all the answers

Which lipoprotein is responsible for the reverse transport of cholesterol from tissues back to the liver?

HDL Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of bile in the digestive system?

Emulsifying fats for absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of bile salts derived from cholesterol in the liver?

Solubilization of excreted lipids in bile Signup and view all the answers

How do bile salts aid in digestion?

By forming micelles to solubilize excreted lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Chylomicrons in lipid metabolism?

Deliver dietary triglycerides to tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which component of bile gives feces its characteristic color?

Urobilinogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of impaired gluconeogenesis caused by liver failure or genetics?

Excessive muscle glycolysis leading to lactic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs in the liver to make drugs more polar for excretion?

Conjugation with glucuronic acid Signup and view all the answers

Why are bile salts reabsorbed in the terminal ileum?

To recycle them back to the liver Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme system is responsible for chemical modification of drugs in the liver?

Cytochrome P-450 system Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of urobilinogens in eliminating waste from the body?

Giving color to feces and urine Signup and view all the answers

How is urea cycle dysfunction related to liver function?

It can lead to ammonia accumulation and neurological symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of high density lipoproteins in liver function?

They deliver cholesterol to the liver for processing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of impaired bilirubin excretion by biliary obstruction?

Accumulation of bilirubin in the blood. Signup and view all the answers

How is ammonia detoxified in the liver?

Metabolized through the urea cycle into urea. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if glucose metabolism is impaired in the liver?

Development of lactic acidosis. Signup and view all the answers

How does portal hypertension impact liver function?

It results in increased pressure in the portal vein system. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when there is a dysfunction in the production of acute phase proteins?

Reduced ability to combat inflammation and infection. Signup and view all the answers

How does estrogen affect liver function?

It mediates the binding of hormones and coagulation proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ALT and AST enzymes in the liver?

To indicate liver injury Signup and view all the answers

Which liver enzyme is more specific to the liver due to its presence in the liver cells?

ALT Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of an elevated INR in liver disease?

Indicates easy bleeding and clotting Signup and view all the answers

Which liver function test is used as a marker of portal hypertension?

Platelets count Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hepatocytes in systemic catabolic states?

Release glucose into systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme confirms that elevated ALP is from the liver or biliary tree and not from other sources like bone or placenta?

GGT Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of lactic acidosis known as Type A?

Hypoxia or ischemia in muscle tissue Signup and view all the answers

What does an elevated level of bilirubin suggest in the context of liver function?

Liver injury or cholestasis Signup and view all the answers

Why does the liver store nutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and trace metals?

To use them for energy production during times of need Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the liver to synthesize plasma proteins?

To contribute to blood clotting mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

How does the liver contribute to maintaining normal blood glucose concentration?

By producing glucose from lactate through gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition would most likely lead to lactic acidosis due to impaired gluconeogenesis?

Liver failure or genetic disorders affecting gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

In what situation would excessive muscle glycolysis most likely result in lactic acidosis?

Intense physical exercise like weightlifting Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in liver metabolism?

Generation of ATP from oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Why doesn't the liver synthesize immunoglobulins?

Because bone marrow is responsible for immunoglobulin production Signup and view all the answers

What role does insulin play in regulating blood glucose levels?

Promotes conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage Signup and view all the answers