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Questions and Answers
The study of form and structure is known as ______.
anatomy
The four basic types of ______ in the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
tissues
The smallest structural and functional units of the human body are called ______.
cells
The ______ level of organization includes atoms and molecules.
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An organ is composed of two or more ______ that work together.
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In ______ anatomy, the study focuses on a localized area of the body.
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Pathological anatomy involves the study of ______ cells and tissues.
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The ______ system is an example of an organ system that provides a common function.
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If the body is lying face up, it is in the ______ position.
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______ is the movement that decreases the angle between 2 bones.
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The opposite of flexion is called ______.
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Lateral flexion involves bending the vertebral column ______.
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______ is the movement away from the median plane.
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The medial rotation of the forearm causes the palm to face ______.
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Circumduction is the rotation of a limb around its ______ axis.
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______ refers to turning a bone away from the median plane.
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Plantar flexion involves the downward movement of the foot at the ______ joint.
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Dorsiflexion is the upward movement of the foot at the ankle joint, bringing the top of your foot close to your ______.
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Inversion involves turning the sole of the foot ______.
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Elevation refers to lifting a body part ______.
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Protraction is the movement of a body part ______ in the transverse plane.
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Connective tissue provides ______ and support.
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Muscle tissue includes ______, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
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The ______ system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
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In the anatomical position, the subject stands upright with eyes facing ______.
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The ______ region refers to the main axis of the body.
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When the body is lying face down, it is in the ______ position.
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Epithelial tissue serves as a surface cover and is involved in ______.
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The ______ system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
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The ______ system consists of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
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Palmar refers to the ______ of the hand.
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Study Notes
Levels of Structural Organization
- The human body is organized in increasing complexity beginning at the chemical level, and ending at the organismal level
- Atoms are the smallest units and join to form molecules
- Four important organic molecules are present in the body: proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids
- Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of the body.
- Tissues are groups of cells that perform a shared function
- Organs are composed of two or more tissue types and perform specific functions
- Organ Systems are made of one or more organs that provide a common function
- The eleven systems of the human body: Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphoid, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive
Types of Tissue
-
Connective Tissue: provides protection and support
- Loose Connective Tissue: fibres spaced in a gel-like substance, examples include: adipose (fat), areolar, and reticular tissues
- Dense Connective Tissue : fibres packed tightly in ground substance. Examples include: dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic
- Cartilage: Contains collagen and elastic fibres in ground substance; examples include hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
- Bone: Contains collagen fibres and ground substance. Two types of bone are compact and spongey
- Blood: Consists of plasma and cells
- Epithelial Tissue: Provides protection, secretion, surface cover, and lines cavities and ducts
- Muscle Tissue: Skeletal (striated), Smooth, Cardiac
- Nervous Tissue: Comprised of neurons and supportive cells
Anatomical Positions
- Anatomical Position: universally accepted standard for anatomical references
- Subject stands upright, facing the observer with the head level, eyes forward, feet flat, arms at sides, and palms turned forward
- Allows for consistent descriptions of body parts and their positions
Body Region Terms
- Axial Region: Refers to the main axis of the body - Head, neck, and trunk
- Appendicular Region: Refers to the limbs, including the upper and lower limbs
Directional Terminology
- Directional Terms: Used to describe the location of structures relative to other structures.
- Paired terms are used to describe opposing directions
- Cephalic/Cranial: Towards the head
- Cervical: Neck
- Dorsal: Back
- Thoracic: Chest
- Abdominal : Abdomen
- Pelvic: Pelvis
- Sacral: Sacrum
- Lumbar: Lower back
- Plantar: Sole of foot
- Palmar: Palm of hand
- Brachial: Arm
Reclining Positions
- Prone: The body is lying face down
- Supine: The body is lying face up
Body Cavities
-
Dorsal Cavity: Surrounds and protects the nervous system
- Cranial Cavity: Houses the Brain
- Vertebral Cavity: Encloses the Spinal Cord
-
Ventral Cavity: Houses the internal organs
-
Thoracic Cavity: Contains the heart, lungs, and major vessels
- Pleural Cavities: Surrounds the Lungs
- Pericardial Cavity: Surrounds the Heart
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Abdominopelvic Cavity: Contains the abdominal and pelvic organs
- Abdominal Cavity: Houses digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs
- Pelvic Cavity: Contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
-
Thoracic Cavity: Contains the heart, lungs, and major vessels
Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
- The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four quadrants and nine anatomical regions
- Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ): Liver, gallbladder
- Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ): Stomach, spleen
- Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ): Appendix
- Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ): Descending colon
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Nine Anatomical Regions:
- Right Hypochondriac: Liver, gallbladder, small intestine
- Epigastric: Stomach, liver
- Left Hypochondriac: Spleen, pancreas, small intestine
- Right Lumbar: Ascending colon, right kidney
- Umbilical: Small intestine, transverse colon
- Left Lumbar: Descending colon, left kidney
- Right Iliac: Cecum, appendix, small intestine
- Hypogastric: Bladder, reproductive organs
- Left Iliac: Descending colon, sigmoid colon
Body Movements
- Flexion: Movement that decreases the angle between two bones
- Extension: Movement that increases the angle between two bones
- Hyperextension: Extension beyond the normal range of motion
- Lateral Flexion: Special type of flexion where the vertebral column bends laterally
- Abduction: Movement away from the median plane/midline
- Adduction: Movement towards the median plane/midline
- Medial Rotation: Turning of a bone along its longitudinal axis toward the median plane
- Lateral Rotation: Turning of a bone along its longitudinal axis away from the median plane
- Supination: Lateral rotation of the forearm, causing the palm of the hand to face anteriorly
- Pronation: Medial rotation of the forearm, causing the palm of the hand to face posteriorly
- Circumduction: Rotation of a limb or finger around its medial axis, creating a circular motion. It involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in succession
- Plantar Flexion: Downward movement of the foot at the ankle joint
- Dorsiflexion: Upward movement of the foot at the ankle joint
- Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inwards
- Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outwards
- Elevation: Lifting a body part superiorly
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Depression: Moving an elevated body part inferiorly
- Protraction: Movement of a body part anteriorly in the transverse plane
- Retraction: Movement of a body part posteriorly in the transverse plane
- Opposition: The movement of the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers on the same hand
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Description
This quiz covers the levels of structural organization in the human body, from atoms to organ systems. Learn about the importance of organic molecules and the types of tissues that support bodily functions. Test your understanding of how these components work together to maintain life.
