30 Questions
What is the primary geographical distribution of tropica L. major?
Worldwide with a predominance in India, South America, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Africa
In which part of the sandfly does the development of promastigotes occur?
Midgut
What is a characteristic of temperate climates?
Moderate rainfall spread across the year
What is the infective stage of the parasite?
Promastigote
What type of cells do promastigotes transform into in the host?
Mononuclear phagocytic cells
Which sand fly is a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Middle East?
Phlebotomus argentipes
How do amastigotes multiply in the host?
Simple division
What is the result of the parasite infecting other mononuclear phagocytic cells?
Infection of other cells
What is the primary mode of transmission of Leishmania?
Infected female sand fly bites during blood meal
Which of the following Leishmania species is not typically associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis?
L. intermedia
What is the primary reservoir host of Leishmania?
Most mammals
How many people are infected with Leishmania mexicana annually?
Several thousand
What is the best way to prevent a relapse of espundia many years after the initial infection?
Avoiding sand fly bites
What is the most effective ingredient in insect repellents against sand flies?
DEET
What is the common name of the amastigotes form of Leishmania donovani?
L-D bodies
Where did Leishmania donovani probably originate from?
Old World
What is the term for the internal organs of the body, especially those located in the great cavity of the trunk?
Viscera
What is the name of the disease that Leishmania donovani causes?
Visceral Leishmaniasis
What is the primary characteristic of donovani amastigotes that distinguishes them from other Leishmania species?
They are found in virtually every tissue and fluid of the body
What is the role of the reticuloendothelial system in healthy individuals?
It removes immune complexes from the circulation
What is the primary difference between L. donovani and L. tropica?
L. donovani is primarily a visceral infection, while L. tropica is a cutaneous infection
What happens to amastigotes engulfed by neutrophils and eosinophils?
They are killed by the immune cells
What enables Leishmania to localize and restrict to macrophages?
Their variety of cell surface molecules
What is the result of an amastigote being engulfed by a macrophage?
The amastigote is engulfed but not killed
What is the typical incubation period in humans for Leishmania L. donovani?
10 days to 2-4 months
What is the primary cause of immediate death in untreated cases of kala-azar?
Secondary pathogens that the body is unable to combat
What is the characteristic feature of post kala-azar dermal leishmanoid?
Marked by reddish, depigmented nodules
What is the diagnostic finding for post kala-azar dermal leishmanoid?
Finding of L-D bodies (amastigotes) in tissues or secretions
What is the approximate percentage of cases in India where post kala-azar dermal leishmanoid develops?
5-10%
What is the duration of time before post kala-azar dermal leishmanoid develops in some cases?
1-2 years
Test your knowledge of the life cycle and geographical distribution of Leishmania parasites, including their different stages and habitats. Learn about the different species, their habitats, and the life cycle stages of Leishmania.
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