Leishmania Life Cycle and Distribution
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary geographical distribution of tropica L. major?

  • Worldwide with a predominance in India, South America, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Africa (correct)
  • Central America and Mexico
  • Northern Argentina and Asia Minor
  • Texas and Dominican Republic

    • In which part of the sandfly does the development of promastigotes occur?

  • Hindgut
  • Proboscis
  • Midgut (correct)
  • Punctured wound

    • What is a characteristic of temperate climates?

  • High temperatures throughout the year
  • Low humidity and high pressure
  • Moderate rainfall spread across the year (correct)
  • Prolonged droughts and extreme cold

    • What is the infective stage of the parasite?

    <p>Promastigote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells do promastigotes transform into in the host?

    <p>Mononuclear phagocytic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sand fly is a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Middle East?

    <p>Phlebotomus argentipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do amastigotes multiply in the host?

    <p>Simple division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the parasite infecting other mononuclear phagocytic cells?

    <p>Infection of other cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Leishmania?

    <p>Infected female sand fly bites during blood meal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Leishmania species is not typically associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis?

    <p>L. intermedia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir host of Leishmania?

    <p>Most mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people are infected with Leishmania mexicana annually?

    <p>Several thousand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best way to prevent a relapse of espundia many years after the initial infection?

    <p>Avoiding sand fly bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective ingredient in insect repellents against sand flies?

    <p>DEET</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name of the amastigotes form of Leishmania donovani?

    <p>L-D bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did Leishmania donovani probably originate from?

    <p>Old World</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the internal organs of the body, especially those located in the great cavity of the trunk?

    <p>Viscera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease that Leishmania donovani causes?

    <p>Visceral Leishmaniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of donovani amastigotes that distinguishes them from other Leishmania species?

    <p>They are found in virtually every tissue and fluid of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the reticuloendothelial system in healthy individuals?

    <p>It removes immune complexes from the circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between L. donovani and L. tropica?

    <p>L. donovani is primarily a visceral infection, while L. tropica is a cutaneous infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to amastigotes engulfed by neutrophils and eosinophils?

    <p>They are killed by the immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables Leishmania to localize and restrict to macrophages?

    <p>Their variety of cell surface molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an amastigote being engulfed by a macrophage?

    <p>The amastigote is engulfed but not killed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical incubation period in humans for Leishmania L. donovani?

    <p>10 days to 2-4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of immediate death in untreated cases of kala-azar?

    <p>Secondary pathogens that the body is unable to combat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of post kala-azar dermal leishmanoid?

    <p>Marked by reddish, depigmented nodules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic finding for post kala-azar dermal leishmanoid?

    <p>Finding of L-D bodies (amastigotes) in tissues or secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of cases in India where post kala-azar dermal leishmanoid develops?

    <p>5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of time before post kala-azar dermal leishmanoid develops in some cases?

    <p>1-2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

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