30 Questions
What is the primary function of attachment of promastigotes to the midgut epithelium?
To remain in the insect gut when the blood meal is passed
Which of the following is responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis in the Old World?
Phlebotomus sand flies
What is the role of males in the sand fly life cycle?
Sap feeders
Where is Leishmaniasis commonly transmitted from human to human?
Urban environments
What is the site of replication of procyclic promastigotes into metacyclic promastigotes?
Midgut
What is the shape of the kinetoplast in promastigotes?
Rod-shaped
What is the term for a transmission pattern of a disease within a population of wild animals that occasionally infects humans?
Sylvatic
In what type of environment are Phlebotomus species of sandflies typically found?
Semi-arid or savannah areas
What is unique about the way sandflies lay their eggs?
They lay eggs in cracks and crevices
What is the primary food source for sandfly larvae?
Decaying organic matter
What is a characteristic of sandfly flight?
They have a hopping type of flight
What is a characteristic of sandfly mouthparts?
They have short, non-piercing mouthparts
What is the consequence of not curing the infection but merely making it disappear?
Relapse with onset of espundia many years later
What is the most effective way to prevent sand fly bites?
Applying insect repellent to exposed skin and under clothing
What is the term for the internal organs of the body, especially those located in the trunk?
Viscera
In what year was Leishmania donovani first discovered?
1900
What is the origin of Leishmania donovani?
Old World
What is the name of the disease caused by Leishmania donovani?
Visceral leishmaniasis
What is the characteristic of the lesion caused by L.major?
It ulcerates quickly and is of short duration
What is the purpose of taking scrapings from the side of an ulcer?
To detect the presence of amastigotes in endothelial cells and monocytes
What is the characteristic of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Patients develop hundreds of papules, nodules, and plaques throughout the skin
What is the treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Topical application of Paromomycin cream and intravenous administration of glucantime
What is the characteristic of uncomplicated ulcers?
They heal within two months to a year, leaving a depressed, unpigmented scar
What is the purpose of culturing the parasite?
To diagnose the infection when amastigotes are undetected
What is a major limitation of IFA and ELISA tests for diagnosing Leishmania?
They cross-react with T.cruzi
What is the name of the first oral drug for treating visceral leishmaniasis?
Miltefosine
What is the name of the parasitic disease that is often confused with leishmaniasis?
All of the above
What is the geographic distribution of L.donovani?
Worldwide, but predominantly in India, South America, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Africa
What is the primary mode of transmission of Leishmania?
Sand fly bites
What is the term for the co-infection of Leishmania and HIV?
Leishmaniasis-HIV co-infection
Test your knowledge of the Leishmania parasite's life cycle, including the different stages of promastigotes and their interactions with the sand fly midgut.
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