Leishmania Life Cycle

What is the primary function of attachment of promastigotes to the midgut epithelium?

To remain in the insect gut when the blood meal is passed (correct)
To differentiate into amastigotes
To replicate into metacyclic promastigotes
To move to the pharynx and proboscis for infection

Which of the following is responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis in the Old World?

Phlebotomus sand flies (correct)
Reduviid bug
Lutzomyia sand flies
Tsetse fly

What is the role of males in the sand fly life cycle?

Haematophagus
Nectar feeders
Water feeders
Sap feeders (correct)

Where is Leishmaniasis commonly transmitted from human to human?

Urban environments (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of replication of procyclic promastigotes into metacyclic promastigotes?

Midgut (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the kinetoplast in promastigotes?

Rod-shaped (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a transmission pattern of a disease within a population of wild animals that occasionally infects humans?

Sylvatic (C) Signup and view all the answers

In what type of environment are Phlebotomus species of sandflies typically found?

Semi-arid or savannah areas (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the way sandflies lay their eggs?

They lay eggs in cracks and crevices (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary food source for sandfly larvae?

Decaying organic matter (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of sandfly flight?

They have a hopping type of flight (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of sandfly mouthparts?

They have short, non-piercing mouthparts (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of not curing the infection but merely making it disappear?

Relapse with onset of espundia many years later (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way to prevent sand fly bites?

Applying insect repellent to exposed skin and under clothing (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the internal organs of the body, especially those located in the trunk?

Viscera (C) Signup and view all the answers

In what year was Leishmania donovani first discovered?

1900 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of Leishmania donovani?

Old World (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease caused by Leishmania donovani?

Visceral leishmaniasis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the lesion caused by L.major?

It ulcerates quickly and is of short duration (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of taking scrapings from the side of an ulcer?

To detect the presence of amastigotes in endothelial cells and monocytes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis?

Patients develop hundreds of papules, nodules, and plaques throughout the skin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis?

Topical application of Paromomycin cream and intravenous administration of glucantime (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of uncomplicated ulcers?

They heal within two months to a year, leaving a depressed, unpigmented scar (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of culturing the parasite?

To diagnose the infection when amastigotes are undetected (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of IFA and ELISA tests for diagnosing Leishmania?

They cross-react with T.cruzi (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the first oral drug for treating visceral leishmaniasis?

Miltefosine (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the parasitic disease that is often confused with leishmaniasis?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the geographic distribution of L.donovani?

Worldwide, but predominantly in India, South America, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Africa (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Leishmania?

Sand fly bites (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the co-infection of Leishmania and HIV?

Leishmaniasis-HIV co-infection (C) Signup and view all the answers