Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of reinforcement in behavior learning?
What is the main purpose of reinforcement in behavior learning?
- To eliminate all behavior
- To make behavior less frequent
- To punish unwanted behavior
- To increase desired behavior (correct)
Which of the following best describes positive reinforcement?
Which of the following best describes positive reinforcement?
- Ignoring a child's good behavior
- Taking away privileges to punish a child
- Adding a reward to strengthen a response (correct)
- Removing a toy to decrease unwanted behavior
What is an example of negative punishment?
What is an example of negative punishment?
- Taking away a child's favorite toy (correct)
- Giving a speeding ticket for going too fast
- Scolding a teenager for breaking curfew
- Giving a child a timeout for misbehavior
In operant conditioning, what does 'shaping' refer to?
In operant conditioning, what does 'shaping' refer to?
How does a primary reinforcer differ from a conditioned reinforcer?
How does a primary reinforcer differ from a conditioned reinforcer?
What does partial or intermittent reinforcement involve?
What does partial or intermittent reinforcement involve?
What is the role of extinction in conditioning?
What is the role of extinction in conditioning?
What does positive punishment do in behavior modification?
What does positive punishment do in behavior modification?
What is the primary focus of behaviorism?
What is the primary focus of behaviorism?
In classical conditioning, what does the unconditioned stimulus elicit?
In classical conditioning, what does the unconditioned stimulus elicit?
What was Pavlov's original research focused on?
What was Pavlov's original research focused on?
Which phase in classical conditioning involves the association of unconditioned and neutral stimuli?
Which phase in classical conditioning involves the association of unconditioned and neutral stimuli?
What type of behavior does operant conditioning primarily deal with?
What type of behavior does operant conditioning primarily deal with?
John B. Watson's famous experiment with Little Albert involved conditioning him to fear which stimulus?
John B. Watson's famous experiment with Little Albert involved conditioning him to fear which stimulus?
What is a key characteristic of classical conditioning?
What is a key characteristic of classical conditioning?
What did B.F. Skinner propose about children's behavior in relation to operant conditioning?
What did B.F. Skinner propose about children's behavior in relation to operant conditioning?
Flashcards are hidden until you start studying
Study Notes
Behaviorism
- Focuses on measurable, observable behavior
- Behavior is controlled by the environment (external)
- Learning (conditioning) occurs when behavior changes
- The learner is passive and responds to environmental stimuli
Classical Conditioning
- Involves associating or pairing stimuli with involuntary behavior
- Ivan Pavlov (1897) conducted research on the digestive system using dogs
- Unconditioned Stimulus: naturally causes involuntary movements (e.g., food causing salivation)
- Neutral Stimulus: does not cause involuntary movements (e.g., a bell)
- Conditioned Stimulus: initially neutral, becomes associated with unconditioned stimulus, causing an involuntary response after repeated pairings
- Conditioned Response: involuntary movement towards an object, only triggered by the conditioned stimulus
- Acquisition Phase: the period when the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response
- Classical Conditioning demonstrates how we are conditioned by our environment, allowing us to anticipate events
- John B. Watson (1920) conditioned "Little Albert" to fear a white rat through pairing it with a loud noise
Operant Conditioning
- Focuses on voluntary behavior
- Operates under the idea that children actively seek out rewards and avoid punishment
- B.F. Skinner (1948) proposed this theory
- Operant Conditioning is associating behavior with consequences
- Reinforcement strengthens behavior followed by a reward
- Positive Reinforcement: presenting a stimulus (e.g., praise) after a behavior, increasing the likelihood of that behavior
- Negative Reinforcement: removing a stimulus (e.g., stopping nagging) after a behavior, increasing the likelihood of that behavior
- Punishment weakens behavior followed by a consequence
- Positive Punishment: adding a stimulus (e.g., scolding) after a behavior, decreasing the likelihood of that behavior
- Negative Punishment: removing a stimulus (e.g., taking away a toy) after a behavior, decreasing the likelihood of that behavior
- Primary Reinforcer: innately reinforcing, satisfying a biological need (e.g., food)
- Conditioned Reinforcer: gains effectiveness through association with a primary reinforcer (e.g., money)
Techniques in Operant Conditioning
- Shaping: using reinforcements to gradually guide behavior closer to the desired response
- Extinction: repeatedly not pairing the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus to eliminate the conditioned response
- Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement: reinforcement is given only part of the time, making the desired behavior more resistant to extinction
Classroom Behavior Management
- Lee Canter (1976) developed a behavior management cycle for the classroom
- The cycle involves giving clear directions, establishing expectations, and consistently applying consequences
- This approach aims to create a learning environment where students can learn without disruptive behaviors.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
